Izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inani kanye Evolution "amagugu ngengqondo '

Izinombolo - eyisisekelo wetintfo tetibalo kwadingeka kwezinhlelo computations ezahlukene kanye izibalo. Isethi zemvelo, ephelele, okunengqondo engenangqondo amanani digital ichaza sebuningini okuthiwa izinombolo zangempela. Kodwa kukhona esigabeni esingavamile ngempela - ". Nenani ngengqondo 'eqela kuchazwe René Descartes njengoba Futhi omunye zezibalo ehola kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili Leonhard Euler ezihlongozwayo ukuqoka le ncwadi i kusukela French elithi imaginare (ngengqondo). Uyini eqela?

Ngakho ngokuthi izinkulumo ngale ndlela a + bi, lapho futhi b izinombolo zangempela, futhi i kuyinto inkomba digital usizo ngokukhethekile kabani lesikwele -1. Kokusebenza kuzinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi yenziwa imithetho efanayo imisebenzi ehlukahlukene zezibalo ku Polynomials. Lesi sigaba zezibalo ayimeleli imiphumela yimuphi izilinganiso noma izibalo. Ngoba lokhu kuyiso ngempela ngokwanele izinombolo zangempela. Kungani-ke, kudingeka?

Izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba umqondo we- IiMbalo, kudingekile ngenxa yokuthi abanye zibalo nge okuza yangempela babe izixazululo emkhakheni izinombolo "abavamile". Ngakho-ke, ukuze sandise kwenkululeko nokungalingani ukuxazulula kwaphakama isidingo sokuba ukwethula izigaba ezintsha zezibalo. Izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi kokuba abstract ikakhulu theory kungenzeka ukuxazulula lezi zibalo njengoba ² x 1 = 0. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi, naphezu Okusemthethweni yayo sobala kulesi sigaba izinombolo esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo futhi kabanzi, isib, amakhambi ezahlukene esisebenzayo izinkinga okunwebeka theory, ubunjiniyela kagesi, ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya futhi hydromechanics, i-physics e-athomu kanye nezinye ngokwesayensi.

Module futhi impikiswano yenombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi asetshenziswe amasheduli ukwakhiwa. Lokhu indlela yokutlola ebizwa ngokuthi Trigonometric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhumusha yejeyomethri yezinombolo uye laphinda landiswa kwenkululeko isicelo sabo. Sebekwazi ukuzisebenzisela ezihlukahlukene Computing kumephu.

Mathematics ifikile ibanga elide kusukela elula izinombolo zemvelo kumasistimu okuhlangene eziyinkimbinkimbi nemisebenzi yabo. Kule ndaba ungabhala isifundo ehlukile. Lapha sibheka nje ezinye izici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inombolo theory, ikwenza kucace zonke zomlando kanye ngokwesayensi ngemuva inkolelo yalo mkhakha zezibalo.

sezibalo ngesiGreki kubhekwe "iqiniso" kuphela izinombolo zemvelo, angasetshenziswa ukubala lutho. Kakade ngenkulungwane yesibili BC. e. abaseGibithe lasendulo nabaseBhabhiloni ezihlukahlukene izibalo esisebenzayo ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa izingxenyana zaso. Ngakusasa ngqophamlando ukuthuthukiswa wezibalo Kwakubonakala izinombolo engemihle e China lasendulo eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile. Babephinde babizwe esetshenziswa sezibalo lasendulo ngesiGreki Diophantus obekazana imithetho imisebenzi elula kubo. Ngosizo izinombolo engemihle, sekungenzeka ukuchaza ushintsho ezahlukene amagugu, hhayi kuphela e-indiza omuhle.

Ngenyanga yesikhombisa AD leminyaka, kwamiswa ngokucacile ukuthi izimpande square izinombolo omuhle njalo amanani amabili - ngaphezu omuhle, futhi okungekuhle. Kusukela yokugcina kukhishwe impande skwele izindlela evamile algebraic langaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa kungenzeki: akukho ukubaluleka ezinjalo x ukuze x ² = ─ 9. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakungasho lutho lokho. Kwaba ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, lapho kwakukhona futhi ziye ngenkuthalo wafunda cubic zibalo, isidingo kukhishwe impande skwele izinombolo engemihle, njengoba kule formula ikhambi kulezinkulumo iqukethe hhayi kuphela cube, kodwa futhi izimpande sikwele.

Lokhu ifomula uyisidudla, uma kwesibalo has okungenani owodwa impande kwangempela. Endabeni khona kule ndaba izimpande zangempela ezintathu ngoba ikhambi yabo etholwe nge inani Inani ezimbi. It kuvela ukuthi indlela eholela ekululameni ligijima izimpande ezintathu kwamandla ethu ngokombono wezibalo wesikhathi msebenzi.

Ukuze uthole incazelo yokuthi i-okuholela indida algebraists Italian J. Cardano kwahlongozwa ukwethula isigaba esisha uhlobo engavamile yezinombolo, ababiziweyo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kazi ukuthi Cardano kubhekwe kubo into engenamsebenzi babenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ugweme kokuzisebenzisa ohlongozwayo izigaba zezibalo. Kodwa kakade 1572 incwadi wabonakala kwenye algebraist Italian Bombelli, okwakukhona imithetho eziningiliziwe kokusebenza kuzinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka lesikhombisa laqhubeka ingxoxo mayelana nesimo zezibalo yezinombolo idatha namakhono lokuhumusha weJiyomethri. Futhi kancane kancane futhi inqubo ukusebenza nabo ngcono. Futhi ekuqa- ekhulwini le-17 nele-18, imfundiso jikelele eqela yadalwa. Negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni kanye ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imisebenzi lokwehlukile eziyinkimbinkimbi laqanjwa Russian nososayensi Soviet. N. I. Muskhelishvili wahlanganyela osebenza ngayo izinkinga inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kuyaqina, Keldysh futhi Lavrentiev eqela ziye zasetshenziswa emkhakheni hydro- futhi ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya, futhi uVladimir Bogolyubov - e quantum ensimini theory.