Theory ngemvelaphi uwoyela: organic wezinto ezingaphili. Isinyathelo uwoyela kumiswa. Kanjani ningi nyaka kuzoba amafutha anele

ithiyori Isihlobo umsuka uwoyela, ososayensi ungazange afinyelele kusivumelwano. Lena yindaba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi inkinga nesinqumo yayo angeke zikwazi kuze igesi nokwakheka namafutha, noma emhlabeni natural sciences, okuyinto okwamanje itholakala esintwini. Ekhuluma ngomsuka amafutha wathi hhayi kuphela theory, kodwa futhi umkhuba. Adume petroleum sokuma I. M. Gubkin ku namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule, wabhala ngayo eziningi ezithakazelisayo, ukuxoxa izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezithi umsuka uwoyela. Thina ngokuvamile Akekho owaziyo ukuthi hlobo luni izinqubo bebelokhu izigidigidi zeminyaka ngezansi uqweqwe, iplanethi yethu kithi ngezindlela eziningi namanje akwaziwa ukuthi waphelelaphi. Umuntu engazazi ukuthi uya okuningi ngoNkulunkulu weqiniso Yiqiniso geoevolyutsii izinqubo, ngakho imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka uwoyela baningi.

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezimbili eziyinhloko

Lapho isintu uzothola ulwazi olugcwele mayelana lokho kuthuthukisa izimo ezibangela ukuvela uwoyela njengoba ukuhlola kahle indlela akha ezifakwa kuyo ungqimba lomhlaba, lapho bajwayelana wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amafomu isakhi amadamu, izici zabo lithological evuna ngokuba lapho ivela khona futhi ekuqongeleleni uwoyela - kuphela ukuhlola search amasimu oyokwenziwa kuyafaneleka ngempela. Ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa isayensi Geological, sekube eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezimbili eziyinhloko ngemvelaphi uwoyela. Eyokuqala sibopha imfundo yakhe nge ejenti bukhoma. Lokhu theory organic Lokudabuka uwoyela. Eyesibili ibonisa ukuthi kokubili igesi namafutha kwazivelela synthesis hydrogen ne-carbon ngesikhathi izingcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye okushisa in the we uqweqwe ukujula. Lo mbono Lokudabuka wezinto lamafutha.

Umlando uthi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela organic laliba ngemva Inorganic: kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu-nesishiyagalolunye, uwoyela likhishwe kuphela lapho nabo emhlabathini - e California, e-Mediterranean, eVenezuela nase kwezinye izindawo. Usosayensi German Humboldt ngeso lengqondo indlela kwakheka amafutha: kuyafana asphalt, ngenxa yesenzo mlilo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, osokhemisi baye bakwazi synthesize laboratories acetylene C ₂ H ₂ hydrocarbon yochungechunge methane. Okuningi kamuva, zethu Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev yethulwa emhlabeni siqu "Carbide", hhayi imfundiso yokuziphendukela organic Lokudabuka uwoyela. Sokuma kwezwe kanye nososayensi Gubkin ngolaka wawugxeka.

Mendeleev futhi Gubkin

Ngo-1877, okuyinhloko wakhuluma ngesiRashiya Chemical Society maqondana umbono ngemvelaphi uwoyela. Yayisekelwe omningi impahla letinemaciniso, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaduma ngokushesha. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka ubufakazi sithunyelwa, konke ngesikhathi endle bagxila imiphetho izakhiwo entabeni-eligoqiwe, basuke welulela ubude futhi zitholakala eduze ezinkulu iphutha esishintshashintshayo. Ngokusho Mendeleev, ngokusebenzisa waphuka ujule emhlabathini uwela amanzi futhi iphendula zensimbi carbides, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukubukeka ngamafutha, lawo ke liyaphuma futhi yakha ichibi. Formula Mendeleev libukeka: 2FeC + 3H ₂ O = Fe ₂ O ₃ + C ₂ H _6. Ngokusho hypothesis yakhe (njengoba uwoyela ekhiqizwa), le nqubo kwenzeka njalo, hhayi nje emazweni akude nezikhathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

I. M. Gubkin Carbide theory wagxeka yonke indawo. Lolu hlelo kungenzeka lungabi ivumelane kahle komhlaba onolwazi siqiniseke ukuthi amafutha ezifundile ngempela, futhi lapho kungekho khona iphutha nhlobo, beqhuba amanzi ukuze Carbide ketshezi. imifantu okunjalo abekho nemvelo - kusukela core eMhlabeni kwamanzi. Basalt ibhande ngeke unike namanzi engena ijule noma ukuphuma amafutha esiphelele. Ikakhulukazi ngokumelene lo mbono ethi zonke uwoyela ekhishwe namuhla ukujula okukhulu. Ukungqubuzana Gubkin wakhonza kodwa nokuthi uwoyela ezakhiwe wezinto ezingaphili, ama optically angasebenzi, kodwa yemvelo - asebenzayo, ngisho zikwazi ukujikeleza endizeni nokwehlukana ukukhanya.

Space - imfundiso yokuziphendukela wesithathu

Kwaba zithandwa kakhulu futhi isikhala umbono wakho ngokuqondene kwakhiwa kanjani amafutha. Namuhla, lapho kufika ubuchwepheshe yesimanje endaweni yonke, futhi wahlupheka fiasco kwasani. sokuma Russian NA Sokolov obungagutshuzelwe bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe emuva 1892 isikhala umsuka uwoyela yayisekelwe yokuthi hydrocarbon kulo mhlaba e owaqalwa ke njalo, futhi kwamiswa bona ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, lapho Umhlaba yayakha. Selehlile, iplanethi ubamba uwoyela, Ukuqedwa it in magma ketshezi. Ngemva ekwakhekeni okuqinile uqweqwe magma njengoba wanika hydrocarbon okuyinto ivukile ku imifantu futhi ngokwengxenye layo elingenhla lapho akuncishisiwe ngu ukupholisa kanti ezinye amaqoqo kwakhiwa. Sokolov agumenti wukuthi hydrocarbon atholakele nenqwaba meteorite.

Gubkin, futhi lo mbono uye wagxeka nines, abasolwa yokuthi emagcekeni alo kumane izibalo ze-theory, okuyinto kokuma Geological neze baqinisekisa. It ngokuvamile ukuthi uwoyela amaminerali ngokwemvelo cishe lapho, kodwa ongenaso, ungaba kungekho SIZUZISA. Kwenqwaba emasimini uwoyela namanje aqukethe ikhemikhali isidlulile zonke izigaba kumiswa uwoyela, futhi yindlela organic. Le ngxoxo elandelayo yale nkinga eminyakeni cishe ikhulu, le mpikiswano efanayo kanye nokuntuleka sivumelwano. oilmen Soviet, ososayensi baye phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela enengqondo kunazo Lokudabuka wezinto lamafutha.

Ososayensi kweSoviet Union

Kropotkin Porfiriev, Kudryavtsev, nabanye abasekeli babo wazama ukuveza ukuthi i-hydrogen ne-carbon, okuyinto isamba elanele a magma etholwe ezizivelelayo CH, CH _2, CH _3, ukhululeka ke kanye nomoya-mpilo, esebenza njengesikhali indaba kokuqala ezindaweni ezibandayo ucingo ukuze uwoyela kumiswa. Kudryavtsev wayeqiniseka petroleum abiogenic umsuka kuyivumela ozoba kanye amagesi igobolondo sedimentary planethi e amaphutha ngokujulile ngenxa isiphuku eMhlabeni. Porfiriev wagomela ukuthi uwoyela asiveli ngesimo hydrocarbon ezizivelelayo kusukela esishintshashintshayo ngokujulile, futhi ujabulela ngokugcwele zonke izakhiwo zemvelo amafutha siphelile breaking ngokusebenzisa emadwaleni ngezimbotshana. Akwazi ukuphendula umbuzo ngokujulile indlela amafutha pre yokufuduka kwezinyoni hhayi kuphela? Akungabazeki ukuthi ezindaweni subcortical, kodwa zonke lo mbono ayikwazi wazibonakalisa njengoba olunembile njengoba kwenzekile nasesikhathini esedlule.

uwoyela umsuka Inorganic waba njalo nakakhulu izizathu ezilandelayo:

1. eziyisisekelo crystalline amatshe futhi sibe imali.

2. ukungcola igesi namafutha zitholakala kanye hydrocarbon komoya mlilo, ku "ukuqhuma amashubhu" emkhathini.

3. hydrocarbon ingatholakala elabhorethri, ukudala ingcindezi kanye lokushisa izimo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

4. amagesi hydrocarbon ne liquid hydrocarbon uketshezi ekhona imithombo, okuyinto ukuvula Bedrock (eSweden, Tatarstan futhi nakwenye indawo).

5. Umbono organic abakwazi ukuchaza khona lokuhlala uwoyela omkhulu namasimu giant.

6. Imali gas babe Cenozoic ubudala, namafutha - postpaleozoysky yasendulo idwala ezisekelweni.

7. Amasimu uwoyela zivame kakhulu ezihlobene ne amaphutha ezijulile.

ithiyori organic

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba impela eningi izincwadi ne idatha entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, amafutha liquid ezitholakala olwandle, esakaza ezindaweni zabo. Iningi la maqiniso kusikisela umsuka wezinto lamafutha. Nokho, wayesalokhu wazibonakalisa ngempela kancane futhi ibuthakathaka. Ngenxa yokuthi abalandeli futhi usalokhu elincane kakhulu. Iningi ososayensi, izazi zokuma komhlaba futhi bathuthele kwamanye amazwe, futhi ezweni lethu abanamathela kuyinkolelo-mbono organic ngemvelaphi uwoyela. Kuyini zikhanga kangaka, lo mbono?

Amafutha Lokudabuka biogenic eqala ukuvela yayo kusukela izidakamizwa organic subaqueous sedimentary imali. Ukuthi lo nqubo ngokucacile stepwise. Abasekeli theory biogenic bakholelwa ukuthi uwoyela - umkhiqizo, etholwe ekuguquleni izinto eziphuma ezintweni eziphilayo. Lawa izinsalela izimila nezilwane inhlabathi Lokudabuka zasolwandle, kwesinye imitha cubic rock usawoti ezifakwa ewa ngokoqobo amagremu, kodwa emafutheni oluthambile phezu imitha efanayo intilibathwa inhlabathi ungabhekana amakhilogremu ayisithupha. Ubumba - isigamu ikhilo e siltstones - amagremu ezingamakhulu amabili, limestone - ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu.

Izinhlobo ezimbili udaba eziphilayo

Sapropel futhi humus - yilowo nalowo abaduka kwezitshalo, uyazi ukuthi iyini. Uma udaba eziphilayo aqoqana ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho ukugeleza komoya alanele, kodwa sona sikhona, kuyoba ukubola, kuvela humus - ingxenye eyinhloko inhlabathi, esinikela okuzala. Uma amanzi kodwa ngaphandle oksijini zanqwabelana udaba eziphilayo ke kukhona "ziphuzo zazihluzwa kancane", ukunciphisa inqubo yamakhemikhali - kwamazinyo. amachibi elincane amanzi amile ahlala omningi ulwelwe oluluhlaza, plankton, kuhlanganise eyisinambuzane ezihlala futhi eside afele izinombolo ezinkulu.

Ezansi Kumiswa ungqimba obukhulu kodaka organic - of sapropel. Lezi ziyingxenye ugu ezilwandle, amachweba, izizalo zemifula. Lapho ziphuzo zazihluzwa owomileyo ube yiziphethu sapropel ukhiqiza amaphesenti amabili nanhlanu ka isisindo okunamafutha amafutha efana petroleum. A ukwakheka uwoyela - inqubo lide ngakho futhi nzima ukuthi ulandele zonke izigaba zalo umuntu akakwazi, kumane umphumela - ezifakwa omkhulu futhi uwoyela. A izinqubo kwakukhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka ku Suites umthombo, lapho ezihlukahlukene ezifakwa kwakhiwa ekujuleni kolwandle kanye abenokuqukethwe zihlakazeke udaba eziphilayo e isamba ezingeqile kwezingama-Clark - amagremu angamakhulu amane ngalinye imitha cubic.

ezingaba

Sebethule umthombo uwoyela ephezulu ezingaba - ubumba-carbonate, equkethe izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo sapropel. ezifakwa maKristu abizwa domanikitami. Zikhona kuzo zonke kwezakhi zangaphambi eCambria ezimisweni Phanerozoic, nge emazingeni efanayo stratigraphic ahlukahlukene ngokuphelele. Kwenzeka kanjani? iminyaka emithathu nengxenye billion edlule, ukuphila emhlabeni eqale. I eCambria amanzi inkathi igobolondo Zomhlaba kakade ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo udaba eziphilayo. Paleozoic Early yethulwa kwezilwandle okukhulu olwandle, lapho ulwelwe ezingenamgogodla kube inombolo enkulu kwezinhlobo.

Futhi hhayi nje izwe organic lonke waphuthuma ezweni. Izimo best ukuphila kwadalwa amadamu ngesikhathi kwamamitha ayisithupha amashumi ayisishiyagalombili ukujula - kaningi ke emashalofini kwamanzi eziseceleni ezwekazini. I eduze ezweni, udaba eziphilayo e inhlabathi ngaphezulu. Inland kwezilwandle aqukethe amaphesenti angu-ayisihlanu imali izinto eziphilayo. Izimo best for kudalwe uwoyela - engxenyeni engasogwini lolwandle. Lapho kwazalelwa khona uwoyela ezilwandle lasendulo, kunokuba ixhaphozi emanzini angenawo usawoti amachibi.

uwoyela kumiswa isinyathelo

Academician Gubkin wagomela ngokuthi ukwakheka uwoyela ngeke akwenze ngaphandle bedlula izigaba ezithile. Eyokuqala - futhi diagenesis sedimentogenesis nakakhuluma gazomaterinskih kwetinhlavu kanye kwezulu umthombo uwoyela, isb - the ukuqala izinto eziphilayo. Isinyathelo sokuqala kuhambisana enjalo izinqubo kwamakhemikhali lapho kukhiqizwa kerogen nokuchichima izinto gaseous, okuyinto kancane kancane ukudamba.

Ezinye zazo ancibilikisa futhi wagxila, ngezinye izikhathi posing zezimboni ukukhiqizwa isithakazelo (amahlanu-cubic metres ayi-methane Lakes, isibonelo, Japan noma igesi futhi akhishwa kolwandle, lapho kufika ku ayisishiyagalolunye eziyisikhombisa amaphesenti methane). Nokho, kulesigaba amafutha ongakabi kwakhiwa. Kodwa ukucwiliswa okwengeziwe kuholela umthombo idwala isithunywa katagenesis esishintshashintshayo lapho kakade kusukela ndaba kokuqala organic, i-ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ne-methane, isikhutha nabo kanye nemikhiqizo ewuketshezi hydrocarbon.

Isigaba futhi indawo

Isigaba main kuyinto uwoyela kumiswa katagenesis ngesinyathelo ngesikhathi kwezindiza ezimbili noma ezintathu amakhilomitha sebethule ukujula ezingeni lokushisa ayisishiyagalombili ukuba ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu degrees Celsius. izimo elikhulu eqinisweni labo lapho okunqumayo - izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Neftegazogeneratsiya has a zone ezithile ukujula. Kufika ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amamitha endaweni kwamakhemikhali, esibonakala by ukuthuthukiswa endabeni eziphilayo izinqubo kwamakhemikhali esikhiqiza igesi.

Besuka komunye komunye nengxenye angu phansi - ushintsho indawo lapho manzi zonke izinqubo kwamakhemikhali. Izoni lwesithathu kusukela nengxenye amakhilomitha ayisithupha - thermocatalytic, kubalulekile ikakhulukazi kumiswa uwoyela. Eyesine - igesi, okuyinto kuveza ngokuyinhloko i-methane. It kuyabonakala ukuthi inqubo iqala ukwakheka igesi namafutha kumiswa kuhambisana kuzo zonke izigaba, abuye acedzele inqubo. I nokuklanywa lokhu mpo, nokusatshalaliswa hydrocarbon e imali - evundlile.

isizinda

Ngaphambili, uwoyela likhishwe lapho cishe iza eduze kwamanzi. Manje ukukhiqizwa yayo liye landa izikhathi eziningana, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kahle nje hit ubude bayo. Omude kunayo yonke owake abangu yamba eU.SSR: Sakhalin - kungaphezu nedlanzana angu away, kanti Peninsula Kola - 12262 amamitha. Ngo Qatar, amakhilomitha kahle ovundlile phezu nambili e-United States - amabili devyatikilometrovye kahle. Ezintabeni Bavarian eJalimane unayo imbobo efanayo devyatikilometrovaya kuyiphi akukho okuye misela noma ekhishwe, nakuba wayechitha amadola amathathu namashumi amathathu nesikhombisa million. insimu encane uwoyela watholakala e-Austria, okuyinto emangalisayo uhlole okuningi, kodwa amafutha kwatholakala ngesikhathi amakhilomitha eziyisishiyagalombili ukujula. Lapho sihlolisisa, kwakungelona ekuqongeleleni uwoyela negesi, okuyinto kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhiqiza - izici Geological le sayithi akuvunyelwe. A kahle yamba phela kodwa Asitholanga lutho nhlobo, ngisho amasleyithi ukuthi kungaba okwami.

Wonke amazwe kudingeka uwoyela. Ngenxa ukuntula kwayo izimpi unomphela uqale. Esusiwe manje izinto eziningi engakaze ibonwe. Umhlaba ngokoqobo sophe emhlophe. Amandla ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi mingaki iminyaka kuyoba uwoyela eyanele kule yembathani Earth. Futhi kwathi zigcine Sekuvele kufakazelwe kwesokunxele iminyaka amahlanu nesithupha kuphela. Yiqiniso, lokho akusho zinyamalale ngokuphelele. Abantu kakade ukuthi ungawukhipha kanjani umucwana lwamafutha oluthambile, uwoyela Sands, ibitume zemvelo nokunye okuningi. Venezuela kuyoba amafutha anele iminyaka eyikhulu, Saudi Arabia - cishe ayisikhombisa, e-Russia - eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-amathathu yokukhishwa inyumbazana uwoyela giant.