Erythrocyte: isakhiwo, ifomu bese umsebenzi. Isakhiwo amangqamuzana omuntu abomvu

Erythrocyte ngokuthi hemocyte, uyakwazi-hemoglobin ngenxa ukuthutha umoya-mpilo ukuze igesi ezicutshini futhi carbon dioxide - emaphashini. Lena cell isakhiwo esilula, kokuba ukubaluleka okukhulu ngenxa yokuphila ezincelisayo kanye nezinye izilwane. Ingqamuzana elibomvu legazi yiwo atholakala ngobuningi cell hlobo zomzimba: mayelana ingxenye yesine yayo yonke emangqamuzaneni omzimba - kuba abomvu egazi.

regularities Jikelele khona erythrocyte

A abomvu iseli - iseli khona kusukela obomvu lwegciwane hematopoiesis. Usuku la mangqamuzana ekhiqizwa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2,4, zingena egazini futhi aqale ukwenza imisebenzi yabo. Phakathi ucwaningo, kunqunywa ukuthi umuntu omdala abomvu egazi, ogama isakhiwo is kakhulu lula kuqhathaniswa namanye amangqamuzana emzimbeni, siphile izinsuku 100-120.

Zonke ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo (ngaphandle ezingavamile) kusuka umoya-mpilo zokuphefumula ezicutshini yenziwa ngu-erythrocyte elithwala umoya-mpilo. Kukhona okuhlukile: wonke amalungu omndeni zezinhlanzi "white-ngesihluku" khona ngaphandle elithwala umoya-mpilo, nakuba kungaba synthesize ke. Njengoba izinga lokushisa imvelo yabo-mpilo ancibilikisa kahle emanzini futhi ngoketshezi olungenambala olusegazini, bese-ke abathwali okukhulu ngaphezulu okuyizinto erythrocyte, lezi zinhlanzi azidingeki.

amaseli abomvu egazi of chordates

Ngo yeseli ezinjalo, njengoba ngokuthi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu, isakhiwo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi ekilasini chordates. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-izinhlanzi, izinyoni, nezilwane eziphila ezweni efana morphology kula maseli. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngobukhulu kuphela. Ifomu abomvu egazi, ivolumu, ubukhulu kanye ukungabikho organelles ezithile kuhluke evela kwamanye amangqamuzana mammalian, okuyizinto ngesikhathi ezinye chordates. Kukhona Ubuye iphethini ayo: amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ezincelisayo zingenalo organelles ezingadingekile futhi le kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. Kodwa zincane kakhulu, kodwa abe contact enkulu.

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo Ukhala futhi erythrocyte womuntu, izici ezivamile zingatholakala ngokushesha. Bobabili amaseli aqukethe elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi bahileleke-mpilo ezokuthutha. Kodwa amangqamuzana omuntu mancane, zingabantu okusaqanda futhi ube evele ezimbili ngilugweda. erythrocyte Ixoxo (kanye nezinyoni, kwezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni, salamanders ngaphandle) eyindilinga, banayo i-nucleus futhi iseli organelles, okungase isebenze uma kunesidingo.

Ngo abomvu egazi ashaye kwabantu, njenganoma amaseli abomvu egazi ezincelisayo ephakeme, akukho nuclei futhi organelles. Usayizi imbuzi erythrocyte - 3-4 microns, abantu - 6,2-8,2 m. Ngezinye amfiumy (caudate amphibian) usayizi cell of microns 70. Ngokusobala, ubukhulu kuyisici esibalulekile. iseli Human elibomvu legazi, nakuba amancane, kodwa has a surface area ezinkulu ngenxa ngilugweda ezimbili.

Ubuncane balesi siqiwu, kwamaseli futhi isibalo sawo esikhulu avunyelwe ukukhuphuka okukhulu ikhono igazi ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi oksijini, okuyinto manje hhayi zincike ezimeni zangaphandle. Futhi lezi zici isakhi amangqamuzana omuntu abomvu zibalulekile ngoba zikuvumela ukuba bazizwa benethezekile kuleli engokwemvelo ezithile. Kuyinto isilinganiso okuzivumelanisa ukuphila ezweni, okuyinto sekuqalile ukuthuthukisa ngisho izilwane zasemhlabeni, inhlanzi (ngeshwa, akuzona zonke izinhlanzi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo bakwazi ningene ukulidla izwe), wafinyelela esiqongweni ukuthuthukiswa e ezincelisayo ephakeme.

Isakhiwo amangqamuzana omuntu abomvu

Isakhiwo egazi kuncike imisebenzi ayinikiwe kubo. It is kuchazwe ngezindlela ezintathu:

1. Izici Sakhiwo sangaphandle.
2. Ukwakheka ingxenye erythrocyte.
3. I morphology yangaphakathi.

Ngaphandle, ngo profile, kubonakala sengathi i-erythrocyte biconcave disk kanye phambi - njengenombolo round yezinyoni. Ububanzi evamile 6,2-8,2 Micron.

Ngokuvamile ukwethula e serum amaseli nge umehluko kancane ngosayizi. Uma insimbi ukuntula run encishisiwe negazi smear neyaziwayo anisocytosis (amaseli amaningi nge wemasayizi ubukhulu). Lapho folate ukuntula noma Vitamin B ₁₂ luyanda megaloblasts erythrocyte. Ubukhulu bayo imayelana 10-12 microns. Umqulu yeseli evamile (normocytes) 76-110 cubic metres. um.

Isakhiwo abomvu egazi ashaye egazini - akulona nje isici kulezi cells. Yikhona okubaluleke kunakho kunenombolo yabo. Ubukhulu encane uvumele ukwandisa isibalo sabo, futhi ngakho-ke, i-surface area contact. umsebenzi Oxygen ethunjwa obuntu abomvu egazi, kunokuba frog. Futhi kalula kakhulu esinikezwe izicubu erythrocyte womuntu.

Inombolo kubalulekile. Ikakhulukazi, omdala kumamililitha aphindwe kathathu inamaseli kwezigidi ezingu 4.5-5.5. Izimbuzi yizigidi ezingu-13 abomvu egazi ashaye ngemililitha ngayinye, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo - izinhlanzi eziyizigidi ezingu 0.5-1.6 kuphela 0,09-0,13 kwezigidi ezingu ngemililitha ngayinye. A usana ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu count emhlabeni kwezigidi ezingu 6 ngemililitha ngamunye, kuyilapho asekhulile - esingaphansi 4 ayisigidi ngemililitha.

umsebenzi erythrocyte

Abomvu egazi ashaye - abomvu egazi, lemali, isakhiwo, imisebenzi kanye izici ezichazwe kule ncwadi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu. Bayaqaphela abanye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu:

• ezokuthutha umoya-mpilo ezicutshini;
• adluliselwe carbon dioxide ezicutshini zomzimba kuya emaphashini,
• ubuthi hlanganisa (i-hemoglobin glycated);
• Kuhlanganisani izimpendulo mzimba (futhi abazazi igciwane ngenxa asebenzayo zinhlobo oksijini labo abazokwazi umonakala nomthelela kwi ngegciwane egazini);
• bayakwazi ukubekezelela abanye izidakamizwa;
• iqhaza ukuqaliswa hemostasis.

Qhubeka ukucabangela yeseli esinjalo Ingqamuzana elibomvu legazi, oyiyo elungiselelwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa imisebenzi engenhla. She is engasindi kakhulu futhi ephathekayo, has oxhumana enkulu egesi okusheshayo futhi zamakhemikhali nge-hemoglobin, futhi ihlukaniswe ngokushesha futhi kugcwalisa neuropathy ukopha. Lena cell ezikhethekile kakhulu ukuba esikhundleni umsebenzi okuyinto akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

erythrocyte ulwelwesi

Ngo yeseli ezinjalo, njengoba ngokuthi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu, isakhiwo silula, ke asisebenzi ulwelwesi yayo. Nanguya 3-Ply. ingxenyenamba Mass ulwelwesi 10% esitokisini. Siqukethe 90% protein ne% 10 kuphela lipids. Lokhu kwenza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu namangqamuzana akhethekile emzimbeni, njengoba cishe zonke ezinye lipids ulwelwesi sikunqobe amaprotheni.

Solid Ifomu erythrocyte ngenxa fluidity we ulwelwesi cytoplasmic ziyahlukahluka. Ngaphandle kwe-ulwelwesi wembozwe ebusweni amaprotheni kokuba inani elikhulu carbohydrate izinsalela. Lokhu glycopeptides, itholakala ngaphansi lapho bilayer lipid, emaphethelweni hydrophobic ebhekene ngaphakathi futhi ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile we-erythrocyte. Ngaphansi ulwelwesi, ingaphakathi ebusweni ungqimba uyaphinda amaprotheni entula izinsalela carbohydrate.

Erythrocyte yokwamukela izakhiwo

Umsebenzi we ulwelwesi kucinisekisa deformability lwengqamuzana yegazi obomvu, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukudlula capillary. Kulokhu, isakhiwo amangqamuzana omuntu abomvu inikeza amakhono angeziwe - iseli ukuxhumana kanye zamanje electrolytic. Amaphrotheni nge carbohydrate izinsalela - molecule yokwamukela ngawo amangqamuzana abomvu egazi abekho "ezingelwa" CD8-leukocyte futhi macrophage kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

amaseli abomvu egazi ngokusebenzisa ama-receptor akhona futhi hhayi libhujiswa izinhlelo zabo mzimba. Futhi lapho umphumela push oluningi nge-capillary noma ngenxa mechanical umonakalo erythrocyte ulahlekelwe ngeminye receptor, ama-macrophage ubende "etholakala" okuvela egazini yabo futhi ababhubhise.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi erythrocyte

Kuyini egazi abomvu? isakhiwo sayo akuyona isithakazelo esingaphansi umsebenzi. Lokhu cell njengomuntu sikhwama elithwala umoya-mpilo, ulwelwesi-iphahlwe, lapho ama-receptor azisho: cluster yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo futhi ezihlukahlukene zamaqembu egazi (Landsteiner, RH, Duffy futhi ngakolunye). Kodwa ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni ungesinye akhethekile bahluke kakhulu kwezinye kumaseli emzimbeni.

Umehluko zimi kanje: kwamangqamuzana abomvu e abesifazane futhi amadoda zingenalo nengaphakathi abanayo ribosomes futhi reticulum endoplasmic. Zonke lezi organelles zisusiwe ngemva kokugcwalisa le cytoplasm yengqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo. Khona-ke organelles wathola ukuthi azidingeki, ngoba baphokophelele capillary ezidingekayo esitokisini Ubukhulu ubuncane. Ngoba iqukethe kuphela engqamuzaneni namaprotheni asizayo eziningana. indima yabo akakabi ecacile. Kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka reticulum endoplasmic, ribosomes kanye nuclei kwaba ukukhanya futhi icwecwe, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kungenziwa likhubazeke kalula ulwelwesi uketshezi. Lawa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu isakhiwo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu.

erythrocyte sokuphila

Izici eziyinhloko the abomvu egazi ashaye ezimpilweni zabo esifushane. Abakwazi Kuhlukanisa kuphinde synthesize amaprotheni ngenxa ukususwa amaseli i-nucleus futhi ngoba umonakalo kumaseli abo buthelela. Ngenxa yalokho, abomvu egazi ashaye isici yokuguga. Nokho, i-hemoglobin ukuthi ethunjwa macrophage we ubende ngesikhathi erythrocyte ukufa iyohlale wathumela ekwakhekeni abathwali entsha nomoya-mpilo.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo ngokuthi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu iqala umnkantsha. Lesi sitho elikhona impahla ipuleti: ku sternum, in amaphiko wethambo ilium base kogebhezi ku umgodi we kunawo wonke. kwakhiwa Kukhona eyandulela ikhodi myelopoietic igazi stem cells bedle cytokines (CFU-GEMM). It ke sokuhlukanisa hematopoietic ukunikeza amadlozi, esiqokiwe ikhodi (BFU-E). Kusukela kwakheka owandulela erythropoiesis, okuboniswe ikhodi (CFU-E).

Amaseli efanayo abizwa ngokuthi amaseli koloni-ukudalwa abomvu lwegciwane. Kuyinto ebucayi ukuze erythropoietin - ikhemikhali imvelo hormone, excreted ngu nezinso. Ukwandisa inani ye-erythropoietin (isimiso of okubuyayo kumasistimu obusebenzayo) ngesivinini division lokutimele ekukhiciteni erythrocyte.

kumiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe kugucuka umnkantsha iseli CFU-E wukuthi: Kumiswa it is kusukela erythroblast, futhi kuwo - pronormotsit isishiya normoblast basophilic. Njengoba amaprotheni ekuqongeleleni kuba normoblasts polychromatic, normoblasts bese oxyphilic. Ngemva ukususwa nucleus kuba reticulocytes. Kugcine ingena egazini futhi umahluko (ukuvuthwa) yeseli evamile elibomvu legazi.

ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu

Cishe ezinsukwini 100-125 weseli afundwa kakhulu igazi, njalo ethwala umoya-mpilo futhi ususe imikhiqizo umzimba ka kwezicubu. Itfwala eboshiwe-hemoglobin-carbon dioxide futhi ithumela emuva emaphashini, kanyekanye ngokugcwalisa amaprotheni yabo molecule oxygen. Futhi kuze kube sezingeni ukulimala nokulahlekelwa engqamuzaneni phosphatidylserine yokwamukela ama-molecule. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-erythrocyte uwela "ngaphansi kwenkululeko" we macrophage kwababhubhisa. A heme etholakala nge-hemoglobin zonke kugaywe futhi ziqondiswe synthesis erythrocyte entsha.