Uyini cytoplasm amaseli. Izici isakhiwo se-cytoplasm

Kuyaziwa ukuthi iningi izidalwa akhiwa amanzi mahhala noma ifomu eboshiwe angu-70 noma ngaphezulu. Kukuphi ke ithatha kangaka lapho itholakala? It kuvela, iseli ngalinye oyiyo has ku-80% wamanzi, futhi kuphela kanti lolu daba ezomile.

Futhi main "amanzi" isakhiwo nje cytoplasm esitokisini. Lena eziyinkimbinkimbi, heterogeneous, ashukumisayo imvelo yangaphakathi, nge izici isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa lapho sahlangana ku.

protoplast

Leli gama libhekisela konke okuqukethwe engaphakathi yimuphi umzuzu isakhiwo eukaryotic, ehlukanisiwe ulwelwesi plasma yezinye "nozakwethu" zalo. Okungukuthi, lapha ongena cytoplasm - imvelo yangaphakathi kwengqamuzana, organelles, ke ikuphi, i-nucleus nge nucleoli, futhi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo.

Yini organelles zitholakala ngaphakathi cytoplasm? Ziyakwazi:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• ama-apharathasi Golgi;
• lysosomes;
• iseli usuke ;
• vacuoles (izitshalo kanye isikhunta);
• iseli isikhungo;
• plastids (ezitshalweni);
• cilia futhi flagella;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Kernel ahlukaniswe karyotheca, nge nucleoli kanye nezinhlayiya ze-DNA iqukethe amaseli cytoplasm. Maphakathi kuyo izilwane, maqondana odongeni - ezitshalweni.

Ngakho, izici cytoplasm isakhiwo izoncika kakhulu uhlobo cell kusuka umzimba ngokwayo, lingelikaJehova umbuso ka eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile, kuthatha sonke isikhala etholakalayo ngaphakathi eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile.

Matrix noma hyaloplasm

Isakhiwo cytoplasm cell yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko sesigaba yayo ibe izingxenye ezimbili:

• hyaloplasm - njalo liquid ingxenye;
• organelles;
• ukufakwa - isakhiwo onhlobonhlobo.

Matrix noma hyaloplasm - iyona ingxenye main wezangaphakathi, okungaba e ezimbili uthi - umlotha futhi gel.

Cytosol - cytoplasm ezinjalo kuseli has a uhlamvu ketshezi ekuhlanganisweni. Tsitogel - into efanayo, kodwa isimo ayazika, ecebile molecule elikhulu nezinto eziphilayo,. I jikelele amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba hyaloplasm waveza kanje:

• kungekho nto enemibala emihle, viscous impahla colloidal, ngokwanele aminyene futhi okusaluketshezi;
• Nokho has a kwamangqamuzana okucacile inhlangano kwesakhiwo, ngenxa ukuhamba kalula ukulishintsha;
• cytoskeleton ngaphakathi microtrabecular emelelwa noma nehele kwakhiwa ngenxa amaprotheni sesigcilikisha (microfilaments futhi microtubules) okuyinto;
• ezingxenyeni eheleni futhi zitholakala zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo yeseli wonkana, futhi ngenxa microtubule Golgi apharathasi begodu XPS therebetween ngomlayezo hyaloplasm kwenzeka.

Ngakho, hyaloplasm - obalulekile okuyingxenye, esihlinzeka ngemisebenzi eminingi kule cytoplasm cell.

Ukwakheka cytoplasm

Uma sikhuluma Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ingxenye yamanzi cytoplasm seyihlanganisa 70%. Lokhu value isilinganiso, ngoba ezinye izitshalo eziye amaseli lapho kufika ku 90-95% lamanzi. Ingqikithi owomile:

• amaprotheni;
• carbohydrate;
• phospholipids;
• cholesterol kanye nezinye izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe organic;
• electrolyte (amaminerali);
• inclusions ngesimo amaconsi glycogen (e izilwane amaseli) kanye nezinye izinto.

I jikelele chemical yokusabela imvelo - ane-alikhali noma wavuma ane-alikhali. Uma sicabanga ngokuthi yilona cytoplasm cell, kufanele kuphawulwe lesi sici. Ingxenye Mhlangano onqenqemeni, endaweni plasma ulwelwesi, ngokuthi ectoplasm. Enye ingxenye eligxile eduze karyotheca, iqanjwe endoplasmic.

Isakhiwo cytoplasm cell kunqunywa izakhiwo ezikhethekile - microtubules futhi microfilaments, ngakho sihlolisise.

microtubules

Elingenalutho izinhlayiya ezincane side of afinyelela ku-micrometer eziningana. Ububanzi - 6 kuya 25 NM. Ngenxa ukusebenza okuncane kakhulu cwaningo ephelele futhi okuthe juqu zalezi zakhiwo akunakwenzeka okwamanje Nokho, basikisela ukuthi izindonga zawo yakhiwa ejenti amaprotheni tubulin. Le ngxube has a helically basonta-molecule aliboshiwe.

Eminye imisebenzi ku-cytoplasm iseli kuyenziwa sibonga khona microtubules. Ngokwesibonelo, iqhaza ekuqeqesheni izindonga cell isikhunta izitshalo, ezinye amagciwane. Ngo amaseli isilwane, mancane kakhulu. Futhi, lezi zakhiwo Kwenziwa ukunyakaza organelles ku cytoplasm.

Ngu ngokwabo, microtubules akusazinzile, ungakwazi ngokushesha iba yingxenye yomhlabathi futhi kabusha ifomu, olusha ngezikhathi ezithile.

microfilaments

izakhi Enough ebalulekile cytoplasm. Ingabe sesigcilikisha omude actin (amaprotheni globular), okuyinto okwakuthandelene nomunye, yakha inethiwekhi ezivamile - cytoskeleton. Enye igama - Izinsimbi microtrabecular. Lolu hlobo isakhiwo izici we cytoplasm. Ngempela, sibonga cytoskeleton enjalo kunesithembiso ndawonye zonke organelles, bona kalula zodwa, ukudlula bona ngokusebenzisa ndaba kanye nama-molecule Kwenziwa umzimba.

Nokho kuyaziwa ukuthi i-cytoplasm - yangaphakathi cell imvelo, okuyinto evame ukwazi ukushintsha idatha zabo ezingokwenyama babe uketshezi ngaphezulu noma viscous, isakhiwo ushintsho (ushintsho kusuka sol ukuze gel kanye noHezekeli). Kule ndaba microfilaments - ashukumisayo, moiety labile uyakwazi kabusha ngokushesha, ukushintshwa, iba yingxenye yomhlabathi futhi kabusha ifomu.

plasma ulwelwesi

Ezibalulekile Ezingafundwa amaseli kuba phambi evuthiwe futhi kahle kwezinhlaka eziningi ulwelwesi, okuyinto futhi uhlobo izici isakhiwo se-cytoplasm. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa plasma ulwelwesi isithiyo ezokuthutha molecule kwenzeka, izakhi kanye nemikhiqizo umzimba, amagesi for emishinini yokuphefumula izinqubo nokunye. Yingakho iningi lalezi organelles has a isakhiwo.

Njengalezi inethiwekhi, ise-cytoplasm futhi delimit okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi wabanikazi nomunye, kusukela imvelo. Vimbela futhi ukuvikela izinto ezingafuneki namagciwane kuwusongo olukhulu.

Isakhiwo iningi labo kuyafana - umfuziselo ketshezi-KaMose, cabanga ngamunye plasmalemma njengoba lipids biosloy kwakwande amaprotheni zishintshe ezahlukene.

Njengoba umsebenzi cytoplasm kuseli - ongowokuqala kuyo yonke link ezokuthutha phakathi kwawo wonke amalunga aso, kube sekubeni khona Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana organelles e iningi ingenye kwesakhiwo izingxenye hyaloplasm. Complex, bonke ndawonye, ukwenza imisebenzi jikelele ukuqinisekisa cell ukusebenza.

ribosomes

Amancane (20 NM) izakhiwo eyindilinga sakhiwa halves ezimbili - subunit. Lezi neengcezu angaba khona ndawonye noma inqanyuliwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Base Ukwakheka: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) namaprotheni. Main ribosome kwasendaweni kuseli:

• nucleus futhi nucleolus, lapho subunits ngokwabo akhiwa molecule ye-DNA,
• cytoplasm - the ribosomes ekugcineni benziwa isakhiwo esisodwa ekuhlanganiseni neengcezu;
• ulwelwesi nucleus futhi reticulum endoplasmic - bona amaprotheni ribosomal kwemiqondo kanye ngqo ulithumele ngaphakathi organelles;
• mitochondria futhi chloroplast zezitshalo amaseli ngokwabo synthesize ribosome ngokwayo phakathi nomzimba futhi kukhiqizwa amaprotheni, okungukuthi, kulesi sici khona ngokuzimela.

Imisebenzi zalezi zakhiwo basesimweni zamagama nasemhlanganweni wamaprotheni macromolecules ukuthi isetshenziselwe imisebenzi ebalulekile amaseli.

reticulum Endoplasmic futhi apharathasi Golgi

Inethiwekhi esikhulu tubules, tubules kanye vesicles obumba uhlelo kokuqhuba ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana futhi etholakala emhlabeni umthamo cytoplasm ubizwa ngokuthi reticulum endoplasmic, noma reticulum. Umsebenzi wayo sifana isakhiwo - ukuhlinzeka i interconnection phakathi organelles kanye nama-molecule izakhi zokuhamba organelles.

Golgi apharathasi, noma idivayisi, yenza umsebenzi ukuqongelela izinto edingekayo (carbohydrate, amafutha, amaphrotheni) e izimbotshana indlela ekhethekile. Basuke Unqunyelwe ulwelwesi cytoplasmic. Futhi, i-organelle iyona indawo synthesis amafutha kanye carbohydrate.

Peroxisomes futhi lysosomes

Lysosomes - izakhiwo eyindilinga encane efana Bubbles egcwele uketshezi. Ziziningi kakhulu futhi kwasakazwa the cytoplasm, lapho amaseli ukuhambisa ngaphakathi ngokukhululekile. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - kuqedwa izinhlayiya angaphandle, okungukuthi, ukuqedwa "izitha" ngesimo izingxenye efile izakhiwo amaselula, ama-bacterium, nezinye izinhlayiya zishintshe.

Okuqukethwe liquid saturation enzyme, kungani lysosomes zinengxenye cleavage ka macromolecules kumayunithi yabo monomeric.

Peroxisomes - organelles encane okusaqanda noma round nge ulwelwesi olulodwa. Egcwele okuqukethwe ketshezi, ehlanganisa inqwaba enzyme ezahlukene. Ziyakwazi omunye abathengi ezinkulu oxygen. Umsebenzi wayo wenziwa kuye ngohlobo cell lapho kukhona. Okungase kube synthesis myelin emgodleni we yezinzwa, futhi kungenzeka enze namachibi futhi neutralization of ezinobuthi futhi zishintshe ezahlukene.

mitochondria

Letakhi benza lutho ngokuthi amandla (energy) iziteshi cell. Kuyinto kwetinhlavu amandla abo main - molecule adenosine triphosphate noma ATP. Ukubukeka zifane emabhontjisi. Ulwelwesi okubhayindiwe le mitochondria kusukela cytoplasm, kabili. Sakhiwo sangekhatsi kakhulu ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko ukwandisa zamagama ebusweni ATP. Emphethweni abizwa crista aqukethe esiningi enzyme ezahlukene catalyze synthesis.

mitochondria Iningi amaseli kwemisipha ezindikimbeni izilwane nabantu, njengoba zidinga yesondlo okusezingeni eliphezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

mkhuba cyclosis

Movement of cytoplasm kuseli libizwa cyclosis. It yakhiwa izinhlobo eziningana:

• oscillatory;
• rotary noma isiyingi;
• struychatoe.

Noma iliphi iqembu kuyadingeka ukunikeza eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile cytoplasm: ukunyakaza egcwele organelles ngaphakathi hyaloplasm, exchange iyunifomu izakhi, amagesi, amandla metabolites excretion.

Cyclosis yenteka nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli, nge akujiki. Uma uyama, umzimba uyafa. Ngakho-ke, le nqubo - kuba njalo inkomba we izinto eziphilayo.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi lo cytoplasm wesilwane amaseli, isitshalo, iyiphi eukaryotic - ashukumisayo kakhulu, isakhiwo bukhoma.

Ngokungafani cytoplasm of izilwane nezitshalo amaseli

Eqinisweni, kancane ezahlukene. Isakhiwo jikelele we plan, imisebenzi eyenziwa efanayo ngokuphelele. Nokho, abanye umehluko zisuke zisekhona. Ngokwesibonelo:

• I cytoplasm yengqamuzana plant iqukethe microtubules ngaphezulu, kuhileleke nezinye izinkinga okuyinto kwetinhlavu cell yabo kwezindonga microfilaments. Ezilwaneni, kunalokho.
• inclusions kweselula cytoplasm izitshalo kukhona okusanhlamvu isitashi, ezilwaneni njengoba lehla glycogen.
• Iseli isitshalo libhekene khona organelles ukuthi awatholakali izilwane. It plastids, vacuole cell udonga.

Ngezinye izindlela, izakhiwo amabili ayafana ukubunjwa begodu nesakhiwo cytoplasm. Ingahluka inani elilodwa noma enye ingxenye izixhumanisi, kodwa ukuba khona kwabo kuyadingeka. Ngakho-ke, inani kuseli cytoplasm kokubili izitshalo nezilwane makhulu ngokulinganayo.

Indima cytoplasm esitokisini

Inani cytoplasm kuseli mkhulu, hhayi ukusho ukuthi ichaza. Ngemva isisekelo, okuyilapho zonke izakhiwo ezibalulekile, ngakho ukuze overestimate indima yayo kunzima. Kungenzeka nokuba akuhlele amaphuzu ambalwa eziyisisekelo ezembula ukubaluleka.

1. Lokho-ke kuletha ndawonye zonke izingxenye amangqamuzana uhlelo olulodwa oludidiyelwe eyenza izinqubo zokuphila ngokuvumelanayo nanjengeqembu.
2. Ngenxa ingxenye yamanzi naphakathi iseli cytoplasm wenza imisebenzi ekuxhumaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi eziningi kwamakhemikhali kanye kugucuka bokuphila izinto (glycolysis, ukudla, igesi exchange).
3. Lona "isitsha" esiyinhloko khona organelles cell.
4. Ngenxa microfilaments futhi amashubhu yakha cytoskeleton, organelles ngibopha futhi ebavumela ukuhambahamba.
5. It is bagxila kule cytoplasm yenombolo yelikhono yemvelo - enzyme, ngaphandle eningeke ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali.

Kufinyeta, udinga ukusho lokhu okulandelayo. Indima cytoplasm esitokisini kuyinto cishe ukhiye, ngoba - ngesisekelo zonke izinqubo zokuphila futhi imvelo substrate for ukusabela.