Paul Yablochkov: emfushane biography, izithombe, leminyaka. Ukuvula Yablochkov Pavel Nikolayevich

Namuhla Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi igama elithi "kagesi" babengayazi yonke mayelana 100 edlule. Ngo isayensi zokuhlola akulula kangako ukuthola iphayona, kokubili i-theory. Ngo izincwadi lesikhulunywako naleso lesibhalwako, Archimedes, Pythagoras theorem, theorem binomial, uhlelo Copernican, theory ka-Einstein ye, ishadi lesikhathi ... Kodwa igama umuntu owasungula le ukukhanya kagesi, hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi.

Ngubani odale ebhodleleni zensimbi izinwele ngaphakathi - ingilazi yesibani? Akulula ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Phela, lokhu okusungulile siphathelene ososayensi kweshumi. Phakathi kwabo - Pavel Yablochkov, Biography emfushane is okwethulwa kulesi sihloko. Lokhu umsunguli Russian ivelele hhayi kuphela ukukhula (198 cm), kodwa futhi isebenza. Umsebenzi wakhe isisekelo sokuthi ukukhanyisa ugesi. Hhayi lutho emphakathini yesayensi usenayo igunya sibalo umcwaningi njengoba Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Lokho ayisungula? Impendulo yalo mbuzo, kanye namanye amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngoPawulu Nikolaevich, uzothola kulesi sihloko.

Umsuka, iminyaka yokufunda

Lapho uPawulu Yablochkov (isithombe ngenhla kubonisa kuye) wazalwa, in the iVolga esifundeni kwaba nekholera. Abazali bakhe uyesaba lulwandle olukhulu, ngakho akazange ahlupheke ingane esontweni ukubhapathizwa. Ngo-mlando ize wazama ukuthola igama Yablochkov ku nemibhalo yesonto egciniwe. Abazali bakhe abaninimhlaba encane, nencwadi kaPawulu ebuntwaneni Yablochkov lidlule buthule, endaweni Manor endlini enkulu nge uhhafu ezingenalutho amakamelo, mezzanine namasimu ezithelo.

Lapho uPawulu engu-11 ubudala, waya ukufundelwa ngo Saratov sokuzivocavoca. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iminyaka 4 ngaphambi UNikolai Chernyshevsky, uthisha freethinker, ushiye le isikhungo Petersburg ubusosha Corps. Paul Yablochkov wafunda esikoleni isikhathi eside. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umndeni wakhe mpofu kakhulu. Out of nalesi simo wayengomunye - i-career yezempi, futhi lokho yayisivele ukwethula sesiko lasekhaya. Futhi uPawulu wangena Yablochkov Pavlovsky esigodlweni Petersburg, elibizwa ngokuthi Mikhailovsky Castle egameni labahlali bayo.

Yablochkov - unjiniyela lempi

umkhankaso Sevastopol ngalesi sikhathi ibilokhu esikhathini esidlulileko (esingaphansi ngisho naseminyakeni eyishumi). Kubonakaliswa itilosi ngobuqhawe, kanye art eliphezulu izinqaba yasekhaya. Engineering Military kuleyo minyaka engu singekho. Jikelele EI Totleben, eyaduma phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea, mathupha inakekelwe Engineering School, manje sifundwa Pavel Yablochkov.

Umlando wakhe ephawulwe le minyaka abahlala endlini isivakashi César Cui, unjiniyela-jikelele, owafundisa ngalesi sikole. Kwakuyisikhathi ithalente, ngisho benesiphiwo esengeziwe umqambi nomculo umhlaziyi. Amaculo akhe futhi opera yokuphila namuhla. Mhlawumbe yile iminyaka wachitha enhloko-dolobha, kwakuyizwi esijabulisa kunazo zonke Pavel Nikolayevich. It engakaze ngezifiso, uye azikakwazi abashisekeli nabantu abakweletwayo. ukuqonda Omkhulu asikafiki kuye Nokho, nokudumazeka, abangena kamuva ayewenza njalo ekuphileni kwakhe, kodwa akazange.

I Ukushiyeka lokuqala Yablochkov lapho ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu wakhushulelwa uLieutenant yesibili ngokuthumela isevisi lesihlanu Sapper Regiment libhekisela Kiev inqaba isikaniso. Reality Ibutho, ayehlangana nabo uPavel, kwaba kancane afana yokudala, ezithakazelisayo ukuphila unjiniyela ngubani ngiphuphe kuye Petersburg. Lempi Yablochkov akusebenzanga: ngemva konyaka wesula "ngenxa yokugula".

Ukwazana kuqala nge kagesi

Emva kwalesi sikhathi zingaqiniseki kakhulu yaqala ngo-Pavel Nikolayevich ukuphila. Nokho, usivulela omunye umcimbi ukuthi kwenzakala ebaluleke kakhulu ngekusasa lakhe. Ngemva konyaka ukwesula kuvela futhi Army Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. Biography ke wabe eseya ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele ...

Umsunguli esizayo abaqeqeshiwe esikhungweni Technical kukagesi. Lapha ulwazi lwakhe emkhakheni "galvanism kanye uzibuthe" (igama elithi "kagesi" njengoba sishilo, wayengakamazi khona) uyanda futhi ushona. onjiniyela abaningi abadumile nososayensi abasha kuleli abasha, efana iqhawe lethu, ukujikeleza ngokusebenzisa ukuphila primerivayas, wobungane, ukusesha okuthile, kuze konke kusenjalo asitholanga lokho okufunayo. Khona-ke asikho isilingo ayikwazanga ebahola astray. Ngokufanayo, uPavel oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala wathola ukubizwa kwakhe - ugesi. Wanikezela ukuphila kwakhe ukuze Yablochkov yakhe Pavel Nikolaevich. Inventions esenziwe kuye, konke kuhlobene ngogesi.

Imisebenzi e Moscow, ukuhlangana nabantu abasha

Pavel ekugcineni ishiye ibutho. Waya eMoscow futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho walibhekisa isevisi ukuphathwa yocingo sesitimela (eMoscow-eKursk). Lapha ekuchithweni kwayo laboratory, ungakwazi kakade hlola ezinye, nakuba imibono namanje elibuthaka. Pavel Uwumphakathi ekuhlanganiseni ososayensi eqinile nesayensi. E-Moscow, nekezwa Polytechnique embukisweni nje, uvele wavula. It kuveza impumelelo yakamuva zikagesi zasekhaya. Ngo Yablochkov avele abangane, abangane, abafana yena, abanothando izinhlansi zikagesi - amancane umbani ezenziwe umuntu! Nge omunye wabo, Glukhov Didenko, uPavel enquma ukuvula "ibhizinisi" yakhe. Sikhuluma workshop jikelele kagesi.

Ukuhambisa eParis, sobunikazi ikhandlela

Nokho, "abangele" ka ekuqhumeni yabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi nabasunguli abayizithulu futhi Yablochkov kwakungafanele osomabhizinisi. Ukuze ugweme ejele okweletayo sika, uPavel Nikolayevich ngokushesha ukuya phesheya. Entwasahlobo ka-1876, eParis, wathola igunya lokwenza "ikhandlela kagesi" Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Ukusungulwa kwalesi kwakungeke uma hhayi impumelelo lwangaphambilini isayensi. Ngakho-ke, sitshele kafushane ngazo.

izibani Umlando Yablochkov

Sikwenza akanhlanhlatsi abazinikezele zalapho zomlando encane ukuchaza ezibaluleke kakhulu okusungulile Yablochkov, ngaphandle kokuthola ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlathini lobuchwepheshe. Isibani sokuqala ithoshi. Kuye abawaziyo kusukela ezikhathini komlando. Khona-ke (ukuze Yablochkov) yasungulwa ithoshi kuqala, bese ngesibani samafutha, njll - ikhandlela emva kwesikhashana - bekhanyise isiketekete, futhi ekugcineni, i-lantern igesi. Zonke lezi izibani, kuzo zonke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo, bahlanganiswe omunye isimiso ezivamile: ngaphakathi kubo into esivuthayo lapho kuhlangene nomoya-mpilo.

Ukusungulwa arcing

VV Petrov, usosayensi abanamakhono Russian ngubani e 1802 echazwe isipiliyoni e ukusetshenziswa izakhi kukagesi. Lokhu umsunguli lithole arc kagesi, wadala ukukhanya kwezwe yokuqala kagesi yokufakelwa. Umbani kuyinto ukukhanya yemvelo. Mayelana sekuyisikhathi eside abantu abawaziyo, enye into wukuthi abantu abaqondi isimo sawo.

Petrov nenesizotha ngeke uthumele imisebenti lebhalwako ngesiRashiya. On kwakungaziwa ukuthi e-Europe, eside kangaka nodumo kokuvula arc isibaluli usokhemisi Davy, usokhemisi odumile ngesiNgisi. Yiqiniso, wayazi lutho mayelana ukufinyelela Petrova. Waphinde wamnika nakho kwakhe ngemva kweminyaka engu-12 futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha Volta arc, le-physics esidumile kusukela Italy. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi Volta A. kakhulu it has nhlobo ngalutho.

izibani Arc nemibi ahlobene nawo

Ukuvulwa usosayensi Russian nesiNgisi anikeza ugqozi ukuvela ngokuyinhloko entsha arc izibani, kagesi. Basondela electrode amabili, arc kubaneka bese uvele ekukhanyeni okukhazimulayo. Nokho, ububi wukuthi carbon electrode babeshiswa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, okwandisa therebetween ibanga. Ekugcineni, i-arc safa. Kwakudingekile ukuba ngokuqhubekayo makuqoqwe electrode. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-umehluko ahlukahlukene, isikhathi, isandla kanye nezinye izindlela ukulungiswa, okuyinto yena, zidinga egadiwe. Kuyacaca ukuthi isibani lolu hlobo ngayinye babuyizingalo buyinto okungavamile.

Eyokuqala isibani esikhipha nemibi yayo

French usosayensi Zhobar ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa ukukhanyisa esikhipha izintambo kagesi, hhayi arc. Shanzhi, compatriot yakhe, wazama ukwakha isibani. AN Lodygin, umsunguli Russian waliyisa "ingqondo." He qamba esikhipha light isibani kuqala, ukuze zifanelekele ukusetshenziselwa umkhuba. Kodwa coke core ngaphakathi kwaba buyinto ebucayi kakhulu futhi usentekenteke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebhodleleni kwakukhona cleaner okunganele, Nokho-ke ngokushesha ushise induku. Ngenxa yalokhu, maphakathi nawo-1870s ku isibani nakalyvaniya wanquma ukubeka esiphambanweni. Nabasunguli baye babuyela le arc. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho uPawulu wavela Bullseye.

ikhandlela kagesi

Ngeshwa, asazi ukuthi wasungula lekhandlela. Mhlawumbe ukucabanga ngakho wafika lapho uPavel wahlupheka nabalawuli wabakhwelisa isibani arc. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni, kololiwe ke ifakiwe esitimeleni (isitimela esikhethekile, elandela eCrimea ne Tsar u-Alexander II). Mhlawumbe umzingeli arc, ngokungazelelwe Kwagqashuka studio yakhe, wawela singene umphefumulo. Kukhona legend ukuthi cafe Paris ngephutha Yablochkov ukubeka amapensela ezimbili side by side etafuleni. Bese kwangikhanyela: Anginayo lutho bebambisana! Ake electrode kukhona ozayo, emva yisivikelo fuse, ukusha ku arc Kumiswa phakathi kwazo. Ngakho, i-electrode uyozishisa futhi mfushane ngesikhathi esifanayo! Njengoba Bathi, zonke brilliant - nje.

Like ikhandlela Yablochkov ngilinqobile izwe

Yablochkov ikhandlela kudivayisi wayengubani ngempela elula. Futhi lokhu kwaba inzuzo yakhe enkulu. Abathengisi abaqondi ubuchwepheshe owawenza sikwazi nencazelo yalo. Yingakho ikhandlela Yablochkov ngesivinini engakaze ibonwe ngilinqobile izwe. ukuboniswa wayo wokuqala wabanjelwa entwasahlobo ka-1876 eLondon. Pavel, nosanda iphunyukile abakweletwayo, wabuyela Paris isivele zaziwe abaqambi. Umkhankaso Operation patent okuqondene lapho manjalo.

ifektri ekhethekile yasungulwa, okuyinto ezikhiqizwa ayizinkulungwane 8. amakhandlela nsukuzonke. Agcina eseyinto Okwavelela izitolo Paris odumile namahhotela, i emjahweni zasendlini kanye opera, echwebeni ngo-Le Havre. Garland izibani uvele kwi-Opera emgwaqweni - ngumbukwane engakaze ibonwe, a real inganekwane. On izindebe wonke umuntu kwaba "emhlabeni Russian". Balijabulela omunye izinhlamvu P. I. Chaykovsky. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev futhi wabhala kusukela Paris kumfowabo ukuthi uPawulu Yablochkov yasungulwa into entsha ngokuphelele ukukhanyisa. Pavel ngeqholo zaphawula kamuva ukuthi ugesi zasakazekela kulo lonke izwe ngenxa inhlokodolobha French futhi uthole esigodlweni seNkosi Cambodia futhi uShah yasePheresiya, hhayi okuphambene nalokho - avela eMelika Paris, njengoba kushiwo.

"Ukuqothulwa" amakhandlela

izimanga imakwe emlandweni wesayensi! Yonke ukukhanyisa ugesi zomhlaba, eliholwa P. N. Yablochkovym engaba mihlanu ngokunqoba wathutha, eqinisweni, phezu iyize, endleleni engafanele. eside kakhulu futhi ehlala phakade amakhandlela ukugubha, kanye nokuzimela ngokwezimali Yablochkov. Ikhandlela hhayi nje "egqwalile", kodwa wayengakwazi ume mncintiswano kanye nezibani incandescent. Nomthelela leli thuba ezinkulu ayenakho. Lokhu kwehliswa iphuzu abonakala inqubo amandla omlilo, futhi fragility.

Yiqiniso, umsebenzi Swann, Lodygina, Maxim, Edison nezinye abaqambi Nernst esikhipha isibani, esikhundleni salokho, akazange asheshe ukukholisa isintu izinzuzo zayo. Auer ngo-1891, usetha cap yakhe sikaphalafini igesi. Lokhu cap kwandisa ukukhaya yokugcina. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kuye kwaba nezenzakalo lapho iziphathimandla zanquma esikhundleni igesi efakwe ngogesi. Nokho, ngesikhathi ukuphila kaPavel Nikolayevich kwacaca ukuthi ikhandlela yasungulwa kubo ezingenathemba. Siyini isizathu ukuthi igama umdali "emhlabeni Russian" kuze kube namuhla simi alotshiwe emlandweni wesayensi, kanye engaphezu kweyikhulu sizungezwe nenhlonipho bebahloniphe?

Okusho okusungulile Yablochkov

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich lokuqala evunyiwe izingqondo ukukhanya kagesi. Isibani, okuyinto izolo kuphela kwakungavamile neze, namuhla wasondela umuntu saphela hlobo of mangaliso kwezilwandle, kubantu ngekusasa labo bajabule ukukholisa. umlando Stormy futhi kunalokho emfushane yalesi okusungulile nomthelela ikhambi izinkinga eziningi ngokucindezela abhekana nazo ubuchwepheshe yesikhathi.

I okunye Biography of Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov

Pavel waphila ukuphila short, okuyinto Loti nabaka Abram baxabana kakhulu. Ngemva kokuba uPawulu Yablochkov yasungulwa ikhandlela wakhe, wasebenza kanzima kakhulu ezweni lethu, futhi aphesheya. Nokho, akekho noyedwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe okwalandela aziphazamiseki kangaka kwabantu nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ikhandlela yakhe. Imisebenzi eminingi kaPavel wagqoka ukudalwa log wokuqala kagesi ezweni lethu ngokuthi "Ugesi". Waqala nge 1880 kwalokho, ngo-March 21, 1879 Pavel ufunde umbiko ukukhanyisa kagesi e Russian Technical Society. Yena waklonyeliswa ngendondo ye Society for impumelelo yakhe. Nokho, lezi amathokheni babe enganele Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov banikwa isimo esivumela ukusebenza. Umsunguli waqaphela ukuthi emuva Russia 1880 ububanzi kancane ukuze kusetshenziswe imibono yayo lobuchwepheshe. Omunye wabo kwakungu-ukukhiqizwa kwe izimoto kagesi, ezakhiwe Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Umlando Omfushane kuye futhi itjheje hambisa Paris. Lapho ebuyela lapho ngo-1880, wadayisa lobunikazi a ugesi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala amalungiselelo, aphethwe okokuqala iqhaza Umhlaba embukisweni electrotechnical. Lomlomo waso kwakuhlelwe 1881. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, wazinikela ngokuphelele emklamweni Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich.

Umlando Omfushane usosayensi uya ukuthi Yablochkov okusungulile embukisweni ngo 1881, wathola indondo eliphakeme. Kubafanele ukuqashelwa futhi aphume mncintiswano. Igunya lakhe kwakudlangile Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich yaba ilungu amajaji ngamazwe, ogama msebenzi kwaba lokubuyekeza imibukiso kwenziwa isinqumo sokunikeza imiklomelo. Kumele ukuthi kakhulu lokhu embukisweni isibe ngokunqoba izibani incandescent. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-inhlansi kagesi kancane kancane isiqala droop.

Eminyakeni eyalandela Yablochkov waqala ukusebenza phezu amaseli electrochemical futhi ugesi - generator kagesi. Indlela lapho uPavel kwaba ngemisebenzi, kuyinto wamavukelambuso esikhathini sethu. Impumelelo kungase umemezele enkathini entsha kwezobunjiniyela kagesi. Yablochkov awazange abuyele umthombo wokukhanya. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wasungula izimoto eziningana kagesi futhi wathola amalungelo obunikazi kubo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila umsunguli

Esikhathini kusuka 1881 kuya 1893 Yablochkov kwenziwe ucwaningo lwakhe lwezimiso nzima, umsebenzi okuqhubekayo. Wayehlala e-Paris, anikele ngokuphelele ezinkingeni isayensi. Usosayensi ukuzama ngobuciko, ukusebenzisa eningi imibono original emsebenzini wabo, uya ngezindlela ezingalindelekile futhi enesibindi kakhulu. Yiqiniso, wayekhona kuqala isimo yobuciko, isayensi kanye umkhakha ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuqhuma okwenzeka ngesikhathi ucwaningo endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga, cishe kubiza ukuphila Pavel Nikolayevich. ukungakhuli Permanent sezimali, kanye nesifo senhliziyo, lapho bonke wathuthuka - konke lokhu kubukela phansi amabutho umsunguli. Ngemva ayengekho iminyaka engu-nantathu, wanquma ukuphindela ezweni lakubo.

Pavel waya Russia ngoJulayi 1893, kodwa wagula kakhulu ngokushesha ngemva kokufika kwakhe. Wathola impahla yakhe epulazini luyasebenza lokho babengenalo ithemba lokuthola bathuthukise isimo sabo sezimali. Kanye nonkosikazi wakhe nendodana Pavel ixazululwe e Saratov ehhotela. Waqhubeka ucwaningo yakhe ngisho nalapho igula futhi angabi nakhaya.

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo okuyinto ngokuqinile alotshiwe emlandweni wesayensi, wabulawa isifo senhliziyo eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-47 (ngo-1894), emzini Saratov. imibono nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa lokhokho yethu yokuqhosha.