Hydrostatic uGalileo izikali. UGalileo Galilei: Biography emfushane

Galileo Galilei - usosayensi wase-Italy, i-philologist, umakhenikha, umhlaziyi, imbongi, sezinkanyezi futhi physics. Wayephethe elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi isikhathi sakhe. Ngesisekelo esithile solwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho babhekwa ngolaka balwa umzimba esikoleni. Manje-ke sekufikile kibo bonke impumelelo yakhe eyaziwa: Galilei wasungula izikali hydrostatic, thermoscope futhi phelelisa isibonakude. Usosayensi kuyinto umsunguli physics zokuhlola. Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela ngokuphila ezisunguliwe kabi uGalileo. Masiqale.

Esakhula

UGalileo Galilei, Biography iDemo ozokwethulwa ngezansi, yazalwa ngo-Pisa (Italy) e 1564. Uyise wasebenza njengoba umculi sezibalo, amkhethile ngoba indodana nabezokwelapha. Ngemva umfana eseqedile esikoleni samaKatolika, yena kuchazwa kuyo University of Pisa Faculty of Medicine. Kodwa nesikhombisa eGalile kwakungeyona ezithakazelisayo. Wayishiya phansi iyunivesithi waya Florence, lapho umfundi waqala ukutadisha imisebenzi Archimedes futhi Euclid. uyise kaGalileo, enikeza izicelo indodana balihumushela khono zefilosofi.

Esengumntwana uGalileo nabathandwayo ukuklama amathoyizi mechanical amamodeli ekhona lwemikhumbi, Mills, imishini. Kuboshwe umfundi uGalileo Viviani, kamuva wabhala umlando usosayensi okukhulunywa ukuthi kakade ebusheni bakhe, uGalileo yena wayenesibindi futhi oqaphelayo kakhulu. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi izinga wakwazi ukwenza ukutholakala ezibalulekile: uyakubona Pisa Cathedral wahosha Chandeliers, insizwa necebo umthetho isochronism ka pendulum oscillations (kutimela ukuphambuka kwesikhathi oscillation). Abacwaningi abaningi ungavumelani Viviani futhi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu okutholakele ingeyona eGalile. Kodwa kuyinto eyaziwayo ukuthi uGalileo ihlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe umthetho empirically. Wawusebenzisa ngobude esithile. Lokhu experiment ukuthi ngentshiseko etholwe odokotela.

UGalileo izikali hydrostatic

Ngo 1586, usosayensi abasha eshicilelwe umsebenzi wokuqala yesayensi bikho okuwusizo. UGalileo kwakhiwa izikali hydrostatic ekhethekile, futhi incazelo eningiliziwe kubo emsebenzini wakhe. Singasho ukuthi isinqume Isiphelo sakhe njengoba ososayensi.

Hydrostatic izikali enesisindo uvumele ukucacisa lapho inhlanganiso zamatshe ayigugu nezinsimbi. Indlela ngokwayo ivule Archimedes ngaphezulu. umsebenzi unelungelo "Isilinganisi Small" kaGalileo kwaba i-Florentine sezibalo Guido del Monte. Usosayensi kuyaqapheleka ngokushesha kule uGalileo umakhenikha abanamakhono, futhi efisa ukuhlangana naye.

Kwaba ngesiphakamiso Del Monte e 1589 Galileo Uthole professorship eyunivesithi yakhe, akabange esakwazi ukuqedela ngenxa yobunzima zezimali. Nokho, kwathatha iholo ubuncane, kodwa ososayensi namanje Ngajabula ngoba izikali hydrostatic uGalileo Yaduma emhlabeni yesayensi. Wayelethwa atiwa phakathi zezibalo Italy.

I indatshana "On the hambisa"

Wafundisa e-University of wezibalo nefilosofi, uGalileo wabhekana nesinqumo esinzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi - the inviolable umbhedesho imibono ka-Aristotle, ngakolunye - ukucabanga nezenzo zabo siqu, elisekelwa isipiliyoni. Ngokusho Aristotle ijubane umzimba iconsi kuyinto ezilinganiselwe isisindo sayo. UGalileo waphikisa lesi sitatimende, lapho ofakazi eminingi kwehla kusukela Ukuncika Tower of amabhola sinye, kodwa izinsimbi ezahlukene. U-Aristotle safundisa ukuthi imizimba ezahlukene ehlukile "ukudlala isakhiwo", ngakho ezinye zazo abawayo isheshe kunabanye. Lokho isidumbu ezinyakazayo, kudingeka umoya push, yingakho ukunyakazisa umzimba kubonisa ukungabi voids. Ukuhlolwa uGalileo isho okuphambene.

Ngo-1590, umcwaningi wabhala indatshana "On the hambisa". Kuyo, wagxeka ukubukwa kwabalandeli-Aristotle (Peripatetics). Lokhu kwabangela ungamukelwa usosayensi kusukela abamele breech isayensi esikoleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingafanelanga ezikhokhelwayo uGalileo. Kwaba zincane yabezindaba. Wamsiza eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima del Monte, batuse uGalileo Padua University.

wasePadua kwesikhathi

Kusukela 1592 waqala inkathi ezikhiqiza kakhulu emphilweni umcwaningi. Sesixoxile mayelana uGalileo izikali hydrostatic, okuyinto eyaba ukutholakala yakhe yokuqala. Ngakho, eminyakeni lokufundisa ngesikhathi usosayensi University WasePadua enza esinye ezimbili. UGalileo yasungulwa thermoscope isifundo imihlola ezishisayo phelelisa kwesibonakude ukumenza isibonakude.

Eqinisweni thermoscope thermometer kwaba sibonelo. Baziqambela ke, uGalileo kwadingeka ngokuphelele uhlaziye ekhona ngesikhathi izimiso ka amakhaza nokushisa.

I kokusungulwa kwesibonakude e Venice wayazi kakade 1609. Umxhwele ukutholakala idatha, uGalileo phelelisa kudivayisi futhi kwaguqulwa ukuze sibuke isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi. Ekuqaleni 1610 abacwaningi kubasizile wathola iziphuphutheki ezintathu iplanethi i-Jupiter. Ukubuka iplanethi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, uGalileo yena wayenesibindi futhi bazwisise ukuthi kumasathalayithi singaxoxi wakhe, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa Kepler imodeli uhlelo, okuyinto kwaba umsekeli usosayensi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGalileo wathola isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto ngo-Dynamics. Wabumba ngesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela samanje wokuhlobana kwezinto. UGalileo wathola engelona iqiniso ekhona ngale ukunyakaza Aristotle. Usosayensi empirically wathola ukuthi ukunyakaza (mechanical inqubo) lilinganiselwe. Leyo akuyona ukukhuluma mayelana ukunyakaza, ngaphandle kokwazi maqondana "umzimba inkomba" kwenzeka. Ngokwabo njengoba imithetho ezinyakazayo leze. Ngakho-ke, ukuvala gumbi omkhumbi, akunakwenzeka Ucwaningo ukuthi kusemthethweni yini nombala noma uhlezi phansi ihamba.

okutholakele yezinkanyezi

Ngenxa isibonakude sezihambile usosayensi kwakukhona ezintsha. UGalileo Galiley wathola izigaba Venus, futhi babeqiniseka ukuthi ukhona inqwaba izinkanyezi kuyi-Milky Way. Ukubuka ukuhamba sunspots, umcwaningi waqaphela ukuthi le nqubo kungenxa ukujikeleza kwelanga. Ngokutadisha kobuso inyanga, uGalileo wathola asemigodini nezintaba ezingaphansi kolwandle. Konke lokhu, yena eyisa njalo ukuthembeka yemfundiso kaZiqu-cosmogonic we nokungaguquguquki wendawo yonke, Esenze revolution astronomy. Zonke imibono yakhe, uGalileo echazwe encwadini "Star iGazethi", esanyatheliswa kuyi 1610. Lo msebenzi wanikezela ukuba uMbusi Tuscany egameni Kozimo Medichi.

Buyela Florence

Ngokushesha uMbusi abamenyiwe uGalileo ukusebenza Florence. Usosayensi waqokwa lokuqala enkantolo sefilosofi nesezibalo zeNyuvesi, ngubani wayengabophekile ukuba ufunde izinkulumo. Ngesikhathi umsebenzi uGalileo waziwa yonke i-Italy. Ngakuthanda phakathi kwabo ngolaka liyabazonda abanye. Iqiniso ekuqaleni ubutha azicaci. Ngo-1611 isazi sezinkanyezi u babeze eRoma, lapho wayebethelwe khona ngentshiseko wabingelela ubuso lokuqala edolobheni nebandla. UGalileo namanje nakancane mayelana efakwe kuye abaseshi imfihlo. izimbangi okuhlambalazayo bhe 1613, lapho iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki wavuswa udaba ukungavumelani YemiBhalo nge okwatholwa kabi uGalileo. Umcwaningi wanikeza lo myalo impendulo eningiliziwe, okuyinto Uzame ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwesayensi esontweni. Ngo Ngo-1616 waya eRoma ngenjongo sivikele imfundiso yabo.

Inqubo lokuqala

Izimo abaphumelela kakhulu. Isizathu salokho yayikhaliphe ubugagu ikhono uGalileo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi wasiza UMbusi Tuscany, ebhalela iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki izincwadi. Amacala abekwa wona, uGalileo neyaziwayo akunasisekelo. Nokho, manje, ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi kukhona Kwakuyinselele ngempela: i-semthethweni ukubukwa kwawo kwezesayensi.

uhlelo Copernican ayikwazanga obala ukuvikela, kodwa uhlobo inkhulumomphendvulwano, mpikiswano akuyona akuvumelekile. Ngakho-ke, uGalileo wabhala ukuthi lo mbhalo wesandla "Dialogue mayelana nokwehla" lapho interlocutors ezintathu waxoxa izinhlelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zomhlaba - uCopernicus nekaPtolemy. Ngo-1630 waya eRoma kule ncwadi. Ososayensi wathatha iminyaka emibili ukubhekana ukucwaninga, ukuthola imvume yokunyathelisa kulowo mbhalo wesandla. Ekugcineni, waphuma e-Florence Agasti 1632.

Eyesibili inqubo

ngokushesha iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki asabela ngayo lapho kunyatheliswa incwadi, efundeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ekupheleni 1632 Galileo ngaphambilini ukuza eRoma. Usosayensi wacela ukuba lihlehle icala ngenxa yokugula kwakhe nokuguga. Kodwa isicelo sakhe yahlala ingaphenduliwe. Ekuqaleni 1633 wayiswa eRoma ohlakeni. Kungakapheli nenyanga, wahlala isithunywa Tuscan, bese exoshwa uGalileo ejele of Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. Kwakukhona izinsongo zokuhlukunyezwa, izimfuneko renunciation, ngemibuzo futhi into embi ngoba umcwaningi - ukubhujiswa imisebenzi yakhe. Ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi "Tinkhulumiswano" yakhe phambi uGalileo amajaji kuhlulekile. Ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala, usosayensi walethwa lezindela eSt Minerva, wenza ukuba asayine renunciation futhi esidlangalaleni baphenduke ngamadolo akhe.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngo 1637, uGalileo Galilei, Biography emfushane lapho kwaqokonyiswa kulesi sihloko, wayeshonelwe emehlweni akhe. Kodwa kungakenzeki lokho, usosayensi ephethwe ukuphothula umsebenzi, anikezelwe impumelelo yakhe emkhakheni Mechanics. Labor ngokuthi "ubufakazi Mathematical nezingxoxo." Ngokungafani "inkhulumomphendvulwano" kule ncwadi konke kuchazwe sengathi ingxabano nabasekeli Aristotle alisasebenzi futhi ezidingekayo ukwamukelwa ukubukwa entsha ngokwesayensi. Ngenxa yemizamo abangane uGalileo ncwadi yayibhalwe ngisho nalapho abacwaningi ukuphila. Wayengumuntu le emangalisayo happy.

UGalileo wafa ekuqaleni kuka 1642 in a villa e Arcetri. Ngo-1732-m usosayensi uthuli ethunyelwe Florence angcwaba eduze Michelangelo.

Yonke le biography. UGalileo Galiley phakade elalibhalwe igama lakhe emlandweni wesayensi. Ekugcineni sethula amaqiniso ambalwa mayelana lo mcwaningi.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo uGalileo Galilei

• Ngo-1992, uPapa echazwe usosayensi njengoba physics ekhaliphile Kwavezwa ukudabuka mayelana Wabagweba yakhe yokugcina. Kwakuwusuku nokuvuma yenengi of the Vatican mayelana ukujikeleza Umhlaba uzungeza ilanga.
• Hydrostatic uGalileo izikali zifakwe ezisunguliwe phezulu emihlanu brilliant kunazo, ezisetshenziswa esikhathini sethu.
• Inkulumo ethi "Nokho-ke akusho ukuhambisa!" Umcwaningi akhenge atjho nelilodwa. Lokhu inganekwane yasungulwa i intatheli Italy.