Skull: enkompolo amathambo skull. Izinhlobo skull ukuxhumana

Yezilwane ezinomgogodla Skeleton ikhanda ngokuthi "skull". Anatomy emvumela ukuba baphathe umsebenzi zokuzivikela ngezithukuthuku niqinile, awanakususwa unamathisele omunye komunye ithambo (okukhishiwe kuphela ithambo mandible futhi hyoid). Skull - uhlobo ibhokisi esilondoloza ingqondo nezinzwa. Kuyinto the backbone ngokuba acinene futhi ngomlomo izimbobo emazinyweni, izimbobo futhi inohlelo iziteshi, okuyinto ukudlulisa yezinzwa, ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni nelifakayo.

Development ku phylogeny

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokusebenzisa kwemvelo, izilwane athuthukiswe isimiso sezinzwa futhi wabonakala ezinzwa ganglia, futhi kamuva ubuchopho. Skeleton kulezi zindawo kwadingeka esiphezulu ukuvikela izicubu sezinzwa futhi izitho sezinzwa, ngakho cyclostomes sokuqala ibonakala chondrocranium. Amathambo akhe atholakala e imvelaphi yabo zihlukaniswe esikhundleni uqwanga isigubungelo futhi visceral. Izinhlanzi okokuqala kukhona skull bony. Uxhumano egcina uqwanga skull ithambo, okuyinto ubuyisela ithambo. Bone ngokufanele ngaphandle kwe Ukuqina sekuyenzeka uvele dermis.

Visceral ingxenye ugebhezi yezilwane ezinomgogodla - lutho kodwa ukushintshwa gill igobela uqwanga, ngakho ngo-inqubo embryogenesis kusaqalwa yentuthuko wabeka nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula gill ukuvuleka. Kamuva le ndawo iyoba imisipha namathambo lwamathambo visceral.

Izinhlobo uxhumano lamathambo

Ziningi flat womoya exubile bese kwakheka skull ithambo. Compound skull ithambo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo nezinamathiselo: okuqhubekayo (synarthrosis) discontinuous (noma amalunga omzimba diarthrosis).

Synarthrosis zihlukaniswa uhlobo ezicutshini:

1. Syndesmoses (izicubu fibrous) ethulwa nemisipha, sutures, interosseous ulwelwesi fontanel futhi zokushisela ka (elibona nxazonke impande izinyo ukuze ithambo emhlathini).
2. Synchondrosises (kusuka uqwanga) kungaba njalo kukho konke ukuphila, noma kuthathelwe indawo ithambo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
3. Syndesmosis - aba khona uma uphonsa uqwanga esikhundleni amathambo synchondrosis.

Synchondrosis, esesikhundleni umgodi mkhulu, kuyinto symphysis, lolu hlobo kwakwakhe elikhona indishi, yokuxhuma ithambo pubic.

Diarthrosis - a emalungeni ezivamile ezithathekayo embozwe uqwanga. Zimelela capsule zezinzwa, belinganisa umgodi nge lwamalunga ngaphakathi uketshezi. Diarthrosis zihlukaniswa ukuma evele articular futhi inani abalandeli babo.

cranial

Ugebhezi ifomu omdala amathambo 23 ezinkulu, 3 imigodi njengengxenye ezinyakazayo sokuzwa namazinyo 32. Ugebhezi uhlukaniswe neyrokranium (ubuchopho) kanye ebusweni (visceral).

Amathambo neurocranium:

1. esingafani:

• occipital (ingxenye ezine);
• nesigaxa (umzimba, amaphiko ezinkulu kanye nezincane, iphiko ezihlobene);
• frontal (Ubuye izingxenye ezine)
• ngehele (Maze) - ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi skeleton ebusweni.

2. Pair: parietal, yesikhashana.

Ithambo yesikhashana Yekhanda has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eqinisweni kuba sokuzwa ezinyakazayo siteshi. It liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu, okuyinto isikhathi perinatal nangemuva kokuzalwa amelwa amathambo ezahlukene, ekugcineni ukuhlanganisa zibe munye. Ngakho, kukhona izingxenye ezintathu: zibe maholoholo futhi Stony sigubhu ingxenye, ahlukaniswe ezivuzayo Lesisemkhatsini.

Zibe maholoholo ingxenye kuhlanganisa inqubo zygomatic ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano ngokuhlanganyela. inkambo ukuzwa Ngakho liqala, okuyinto engena tympanum (kwasendaweni maphakathi nendlebe), lapho ossicles sokuzwa: i-hammer, nensimbi futhi isitibili kanye hryaschik encane we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele phakathi kwazo. Lezi zici zinengxenye ukuthunjwa amaza omsindo odlula kubo kunyakaza kuya endlebeni.

ithambo Rocky unamandla kakhulu, futhi yenza indima lwamathambo okokuzwa nokulinganisela. Ukuze ingaphakathi tympanic luyindida nohlaka lwamathambo, okuyinto uhlobo Maze, okuyinto ngesisekelo zengaphakathi lendlebe. Futhi, lapha kukhona simiso izimbobo neziteshi kokuqhuba izinzwa nempahla.

Ngakho, sibonga kumadivayisi yayo eyinkimbinkimbi, ithambo yesikhashana Yekhanda wenza imisebenzi eminingana.

Ngaphakathi ithambo frontal kuyinto umgodi.

visceral skull

Amathambo Yekhanda umnyango visceral yilezi:

1. esingafani: Coulter, mandibular (umphumela nokuhlanganiswa we abhanqiwe ithambo amazinyo) futhi sublingual (kwamaphutha ulimi, imisipha pharynx futhi amalaka) ithambo.

2. Pair:

• maxillary (tho cerebral Division);
• incisal (phambili emhlathini namathambo);
• ithambo LasePalatine (obumba phansi skull);
• pterygoids;
• ithambo zygomatic (lwaleli zygomatic futhi udale inhlobo orbit).

I maxilla alveoli futhi mandible e abadala benzelwe namazinyo 32. skull kobuso ehilelekile ukwakheka isokhethi iso.

I sinuses maxillary kukhona, okuyinto ndawonye nalabo amathambo engaphelele kanye sphenoid, kanye ethmoid uxhaxha paranasal sinuses bakha uphahlwe mucosa.

Emalungeni iziphethu kukhona ithambo angesiwo agcwele Yekhanda.

Isakhiwo amathambo skull

Amathambo Skull kwakhiwa flat, eyakhiwa lomcebo icwecwe futhi isiponji (diploe). On the ingxenye ipuleti ingqondo izinto ezinjalo ulula kakhulu futhi ephukile kalula ukulimala. I periosteum sinamathela emathanjeni emalungwini, ukwakha kwezinye izingxenye isikhala subperiosteal kokuba isakhiwo okuxekethile. Kusukela ngaphakathi kanzima igobolondo izenzo ngesikhathi ubuchopho.

Izinhlobo skull ukuxhumana

Uhlobo eyinhloko ithambo emalungeni neyrokraniuma - a syndesmosis. Iningi sihlangane ezinjalo imelelwa ezivuzayo jagged; phakathi amathambo yesikhashana futhi parietal kuphela sihamba izinhlayiya zeqhwa umphetho. skull ebusweni kuyinto izibazi flat. Anatomically, omhlophe webhola uvame ukubizwa ngamagama yokuxhuma usebenzisa amathambo akhe akha ugebhezi. Compound skull ithambo yakhiwa eyodwa suture sagittal (usebenzisa umusi ke uxhuma ithambo parietal Yekhanda), coronal (engaphelele kanye parietal uxhuma amathambo) bese lambdoid (ohlanganisa occipital namathambo parietal).

Futhi, kungase kube amalunga omzimba angesiwo agcwele, ngezinye izikhathi kwakheka ngenxa yokuntuleka Ukuqina sekuyenzeka Yekhanda.

Ifaka amazinyo

Izinhlobo amathambo skull compounds zihlanganisa zokushisela ka - uhlobo syndesmosis izinyo okufakiwe okunamathiselwe emihlathini - mandible futhi maxilla.

Amazinyo akhiwe izingqimba alandelayo: phezulu bona embozwe koqweqwe lwawo, athambekele ngaphansi dentin kwakhiwa izidakamizwa oqinile ngaphakathi egumbini uginindela equkethe uginindela (uya izitsha futhi izinzwa). Ezansi impande liphinde usimende - Indwangu fibre, kwagcizelela ngomcako. Elinye izinyo unamathele ithambo alveolar emhlathini usimende kanye umsipha periodontal.

Lezi zinqubo emhlathini ezakhiwe ezimbili zezinhlangothi ithambo cortical futhi cancellous phakathi kwazo. Isikhala phakathi amapuleti ahlukaniswe septa interdental ku-alveoli ehlukile. Izinyo izimpande sizungezwe le umsipha periodontal - a ezicutshini kwakhiwa kusukela Imicu izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi ezihlukahlukene, kwaba esona inamathela izinyo empandeni umhlathi.

ngokuhlanganyela Temporomandibular

Laba bobabili ngokuhlanganyela (ezimbili mandibular umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela ndawonye, njengoba eziyinkimbinkimbi), kuhlanganiswe (articular disk likhona), ellipsoidal. It yakha mandible (ithambo ezithathekayo Yekhanda), noma kunalokho articular, ikhanda lalo kanye inqubo ithambo yesikhashana. capsule Mahhala, nemisipha ngokuhlanganyela has kokubili ekhaya nangaphandle.

Joint uyakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza ezilandelayo:

• up and down (ukuvulwa kanye nokuvala umlomo);
• ukunyakaza lateral;
• Inweba emhlathini phambili.

ngokuhlanganyela occipital

Skull, umumo womzimba okuvumela ukuba athwale ikakhulukazi umsebenzi zokuzivikela, ingase futhi enze ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza sibonga joint yokuxhuma ithambo occipital kanye vertebra lokuqala (Atlas). Nge kwakhiwa uhlangothi lwalo isihlanganisi yi condyles occipital; kuba bhangqa (ngoba ezimbili uxhumeke kwi-condyle articular fossae Atlas) ellipsoid, ulwelwesi has ezimbili (front futhi bakhulise) nemisipha lateral.

Ukuthuthukiswa ugebhezi e ontogenesis

Perinatal Development kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezintathu: membranous, uqwanga bone. Isigaba sokuqala senzeka kusukela emasontweni amabili, owesibili - izinyanga ezimbili ubudala lapho kumiswa umbungu. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ugebhezi ukudlula esigabeni sesibili.

Skull evela phambi mesenchyme kuzithinta umklamo kanye nemengamo gill. Njengoba ukukhula zobuchopho, imizwa nemithambo yegazi wawubumba is elibazungezile. Amathambo zihlukaniswe oyinhloko (sivela ezicutshini) nokwesibili (sivela uqwanga). Esikhathini esithile kukhona izilonda e uqwanga Ukuqina sekuyenzeka, okuyinto sikhule ukujula, futhi yakha compact cancellous ithambo ipuleti.

Izici isakhiwo Yekhanda ezinsaneni

Uhlaka lwamathambo olusana sehluke kakhulu kulokho kungabonwa ku omdala. Skull athuthukiswe kahle isihlobo ukuba lonke umzimba futhi isiyingi esikhulu, futhi umnyango ubuchopho inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela siqu. Nokho, umehluko oyinhloko wabo khona fontanelles - emalungeni cartilaginous, izinsalela ugebhezi membranous, eyagcina esikhundleni ithambo izicubu. Ukuba khona kwabo ivumela amathambo hambisa ikhanda, ngaleyo ndlela besiza ke ukuba adabule emgudwini wokuzala ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ngokuvikela ngokumelene zonke izinhlobo ukulimala. Futhi bamatasa indlela compensatory evikela nobuchopho ikhanda ukuhlukumezeka esemncane.

Esikhulu (phambili) fontanelle - yakhula kakhulu, itholakala lapho enamathiselwe amathambo yesikhashana futhi parietal Yekhanda, ivaliwe lapho ingane ifinyelela eminyakeni emibili.

Encane (bakhulise) fontanelle amanga phakathi parietal namathambo occipital, wavuka ngokushesha - kakade ngenyanga ka ekukhuleni kwengane wesibili noma wesithathu.

Kukhona futhi encane nhlonhlo futhi mastoid fontanelles, esisogwini ebusweni lateral Yekhanda futhi ossified ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuzalwa.

Izici isakhiwo Yekhanda esemncane

Umzimba womuntu ikhula futhi ithuthukisa kuze iminyaka 20-25. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo kukhona uhlobo skull compounds njengoba synchondrosis fibrocartilage kwakhiwa. Kuyinto njengamanje phakathi sphenoid bese ithambo occipital, kanye phakathi kwezingxenye wethambo occipital. I base Yekhanda iqukethe Stony-occipital synchondrosis, futhi ungqimba uqwanga izicubu eslphambanweni ithambo sphenoid futhi latticework. Nge isikhathi kusayithi yabo eba bone, futhi livela syndesmosis.

Ngakho, kuyacaca ukuthi imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi uzalela skull womuntu. Xhuma amathambo skull ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi evumela ukuthi wonke amathambo aqatha ukuba okuqinile kakhulu ngaleyo ndlela egcwalisa indima Ukuvikelwa ubuchopho, izitho sezinzwa, izitsha ezinkulu igazi yezinzwa. Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siqhubeke ikhanda lakho uhlevane, nemivimbo ukulimala ahlukahlukene.

Nakuba ekhwele ihhashi, isithuthuthu, isithuthuthu, ATV nezinye imoto kufanele bagqoke isigqoko ukuphepha, uyokwazi ukuvikela ugebhezi ekulimaleni uma kwenzeka ukuwa noma ingozi.