Amaphethini kanye nemithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

kwemvelo kusho kwemvelo engokwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto kuhambisana izinguquko ukwakheka kwezakhi imiphakathi, kanye nokwanda izakhiwo oluhambelana, ukubukeka kwezinhlobo ezintsha nokuqothulwa kwezinto elidala. Zonke lezi zici shintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bobabili isimiso semvelo kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli iyonke.

Imfundiso eyisisekelo

Kunemibono eminingana echaza izindlela lapho inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yakhiwe. Ososayensi abaningi manje uzibophezele imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (STE), esekelwe nokuhlanganiswa labantu ngezakhi futhi imfundiso kaDarwin. ithiyori Zokwenziwa kuchaza ukuthi kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, indaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye kwemvelo (kwemvelo indlela). Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kohlaka lo mbono kuyinto imvamisa ushintsho inqubo alleles zezakhi zofuzo ahlukene e imiphakathi ezingaphezu kuka izizukulwane eziningana.

Amaphethini kanye nemithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ukuvela kuyinto inqubo okungenakuhlehliswa. Noma yimuphi umzimba okuyinto, by ukuqongelela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo omuhle ungase ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, lapho ubuyela medium wangaphambili kufanele kube kabusha pass endleleni lithathelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho zinhlobo azinakuxazululwa ngokugcwele, uCharles Darwin ngokwakhe wabhala ukuthi ngisho noma indawo yemvelo kuyoba afana nawokuqala, zinhlobo savela akakwazi ukubuyela esimweni saso sangaphambilini. Okungukuthi, izilwane uzokwazi ukuzivumelanisa ukubuya izimo ubudala, kodwa hhayi ngendlela "ubudala".

Lokhu kungabonakala kalula kuleli cala kanye amahlengethwa. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi amaphiko abo (kanye whale) azigcina izimpawu esitho mammalian. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo echibini isakhi sofuzo yesizukulwane olusha, ngakho ungalokothi okuphindaphindiwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amahlengethwa nemikhomo zishintshile ndawo, futhi ezinhlanu-kwabonakala nemilenze - ukuba amaphiko, aziyi ezincelisayo. Vele uthanda ezihuquzelayo savela izilwane zasemhlabeni eziyingozi empilweni ngesikhathi esithile, kodwa ngisho emuva imvelo endala, abakwazi zisenza sibe izilwane zasemhlabeni.

Esinye isibonelo salokhu umthetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: i siluhlaza shrub umshanelo. On lezinti zalo zitholakala, amahlamvu elikhanyayo esikhulu aminyene okuyizinto amagatsha empeleni ukushintshwa. Amahlamvu ziyiqiniso isikali-like futhi zitholakala maphakathi lezi "sifanamsindvo." Of itheku ishq ekuseni entwasahlobo imbali livela, kusukela elibuye Kutfutfukisa izithelo. Butcher ngiyilahle amahlamvu inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngenxa yalokho uye waba akwazi ukujwayela nesomiso, kodwa ke kabusha wangena imvelo yasemanzini, kodwa esikhundleni le amahlamvu abangu Ushintshe sifanamsindvo.

inhomogeneity

Imigomo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo bathi leyo nqubo heterogeneous kakhulu futhi ayinqunywa isikhathi yezinkanyezi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izilwane ezazikhona amakhulu ingashintshiwe ezigidi zeminyaka. It izinhlanzi crossopterygian, Tuatara futhi sablehvost - ophilayo izinsalela. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi speciation futhi ukushintshashintsha kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu. Kule minyaka eyinkulungwane 800 eminyakeni e-Australia kanye ePhilippines, kukhona uhlobo olusha namagundane, futhi iChibi iBaikal mashumi kwezigidi ezingu-20 eminyakeni engu-iye okucetshiswe 240 zama-izinkalankala, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izizukulwane ezintsha 34. Izehlo noma ukushintsha uhlobo akuxhomekile isikhathi njengoba enjalo, kodwa kunqunywa yokuntuleka ukuqina futhi inani izizukulwane. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana zinhlobo ngokushesha proliferating, ayanda izinga yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

irherho le-closed

Izinqubo njenge kwemvelo, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo futhi uguquko, ungagijima ngokushesha okungaka. Lokhu kwenzeka uma izimo zemvelo engazinzile. Nokho, ulwandle ezijulile, amanzi emhumeni, iziqhingi nezinye emasimini angawodwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwemvelo kanye speciation zenzeka kancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuchaza yokuthi izinhlanzi eziningi crossopterygian eminyakeni million zihlala zinjalo.

Landzelela ukwencika izinga yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemvelo kuyinto isinambuzane ulula. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule ezivela izinambuzane, baqala ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa anobuthi, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa kwakukhona izinhlobo baye bazivumelanisa izidakamizwa. Lawa mafomu baye esesikhundleni ephezulu kanye yasheshe yonke indawo kule planethi.

Ukuze ekwelapheni izifo eziningi livame ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane eqinile - penicillin akuzange kusize, i-streptomycin, gramicidin. ukuvela imithetho ukuthatha nomphumela: ku forties, ososayensi baye baphawula ukuvela nezilwanyana ezincane amelana le mithi.

regularities

Zintathu izindawo eziyinhloko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Kuhlangana, kwehlukana kanye impindamqondo. Ngesikhathi le kwehlukana kuye kwaba kwehlukana kancane kancane izimpawu intraspecific ziholele amaqembu amasha abantu. Njengoba umehluko isakhiwo futhi indlela yokuthi kukhiqizwa ukudla okungakanani isiba evelele, amaqembu baqala ukuhlakazeka kwezinye izindawo. Uma omunye endaweni uye wavunyelwa, izidingo ezifanayo eziyizinhlupheko ukudla, ngesikhathi, lapho kudla buzoba buncane, bayoba ukushiya isayithi futhi ngizama ukuzijwayeza indlela izimo ezahlukene. Uma endaweni efanayo, kukhona kwezinhlobo abanezidingo ezahlukene, ukuncintisana phakathi kwabo lincane kakhulu.

Isibonelo esimangalisayo indlela kwehlukana yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inqubo - kuba 7 zinhlobo inyamazane bahlobene: lokhu reindeer, izinyamazane, amaphiva ikhombe izinyamazane, izinyamazane yifusi, Roe izinyamazane kanye musk.

Lesitshalo nge ngezinga eliphezulu of kwehlukana, nethuba ukushiya inzalo nokuncane bancintisane. Lapho izimpawu kwehlukana luyaqina, labantu uhlukaniswe sub-zilwane, okuyinto, ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, bangagcina beyizinceku kohlobo ehlukile.

umphakathi

Kuhlangana obizwa nangokuthi kwemvelo eziphilayo izinhlelo, okwaphumela zilwane engahlobene avele izici ezivamile. Isibonelo Kuhlangana isici emzimbeni ukuma amahlengethwa (ezincelisayo), oshaka (inhlanzi) kanye ichthyosaurs (ezihuquzelayo). Lona ngumphumela bokuba khona imvelo efanayo futhi izimo ezifanayo. Laza kanye chameleon agama kakhulu angahlobene, kodwa sifana kakhulu ngokubukeka. Amaphiko nazo isibonelo convergence. Amalulwane nezinyoni zenzeka ngokushintsha forelegs, kodwa uvemvane kuyinto Ukwakha-up umzimba. Kuhlangana kuvamile impela phakathi ukwehluka kwezinhlobo planethi.

impindamqondo

Igama elithi lisuselwa esiGrekini "parallelos", okusho ukuthi "kukhona ozayo, olandelayo" futhi le nguqulo kuba incazelo enhle ukuthi lichaza ukuthini. Concurrency yinqubo yokufuna esizimele izici ezifanayo kwesakhiwo phakathi kwamaqembu zofuzo uhlobene eduze nani, okwenzeka ngenxa yokubakhona izici, ngofuzo okhokho ezivamile. Lolu hlobo kwemvelo zisakazwa nemvelo. Isibonelo kuba ukubukeka amaphiko like amadivayisi medium aqueous lapho walruses otariids futhi phocids kwakhiwa ngokulinganisa. Futhi phakathi izinambuzane eziningi ezinamaphiko kwakukhona shift ngaphambili emaphikweni elytra. Ngo Crossopterygii zikhona izimpawu kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane izibankwa esincelisayo-like, zikhona izimpawu ezincelisayo. Ukuba khona impindamqondo kubonisa hhayi kuphela ubunye umsuka zilwane, kodwa futhi ukuba khona izimo ezifanayo.