Biopolymers - kuyinto ... Plant nokunye

A okunhlobonhlobo ezahlukene amakhemikhali ubunjalo compounds wakwazi synthesize indoda egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Nokho, namanje ebaluleke kakhulu futhi okuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuphila zonke izinhlelo ophilayo bebelokhu futhi izohlala ncamashi eziwuketshezi lwemvelo zemvelo. Okungukuthi, ama-molecule abathintekayo izinkulungwane ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi nomzimba futhi banesibopho ukusebenza kwawo okuvamile.

Iningi lawo lingelawo iqembu inegama "polymers kwezinto eziphilayo."

Lo mbono jikelele biopolymers

Into yokuqala ukuthi zonke lezi uxhumano - High, ukuba mass, lathinta izigidi Daltons. Lezi izinto - isilwane nemifino polymers, okuyinto neqhaza ekunqumeni ekwakhiweni amaseli bese izakhiwo zawo, wawanika umzimba, i-photosynthesis, emishinini yokuphefumula, ukudla kanye nazo zonke ezinye imisebenzi ebalulekile kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo.

Overestimate lokho okushiwo enjalo compounds nzima. Biopolymers - kukhona izinto zemvelo odabuka yemvelo, okuyinto akhiwa eziphilayo futhi ngesisekelo zonke eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Siyini ngempela uxhumano ihlanganisani?

iseli biopolymers

Iningi labo. Ngakho, biopolymers ezinkulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

• amaprotheni;
• polysaccharides;
• acid nucleic (DNA ne-RNA).

Ngaphandle kwalezi, lapha kungenzeka ukufaka polymers eziningi exubile akhiwa nenhlanganisela yokuhlala Izinkundla zemicimbi ithilomu. Ngokwesibonelo, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins nabanye.

izakhiwo ezivamile

Kukhona izici eziningana ukuthi evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke amangqamuzana embuzweni. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu okulandelayo izakhiwo jikelele biopolymers:

• ezinkulu isisindo yamangqamuzana ngenxa ukwakheka macrochains ezinkulukazi nge ramifications ku isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali;
• izinhlobo ukuxhumana e macromolecules (i-hydrogen, ekuxhumaneni ionic, ukukhangana electrostatic, disulfide ukuxhumana, izibopho peptide, njll);
• iyunithi isakhi Isifunda ngasinye siqhuba - iyunithi monomeric;
• stereoregularity noma ukungabi yayo isakhiwo iketanga.

Kodwa ngokuvamile, konke biopolymers namanje umehluko ngaphezulu isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi, kunokuba ukufana.

amaprotheni

Lokubaluleke kakhulu emphilweni zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kukhona amaprotheni molecule. biopolymers okunjalo - kuyinto ngesisekelo wezinto zokubasa. Phela, ngisho ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphila Oparin-Haldane sika Emhlabeni uvela amaconsi coacervate, okuyinto amaprotheni.

Isakhiwo lezi izinto angaphansi njalo luma isakhiwo. Ngesisekelo amaprotheni ngamunye zimumethe acid acid izinsalela ukuthi ayakwazi yokuxhuma nomunye engaqinisekile chain ubude. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokwakha ubuhlobo obukhethekile - peptide. yaba nobuhlobo okunjalo phakathi izakhi ezine: carbon, i-oksijini, i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen.

Isakhiwo engqamuzaneni amaprotheni kungafaka eziningi acid acid izinsalela njengoba iyefana nobe yehlukile (a emashumini ambalwa ezinkulungwane noma ngaphezulu). Zonke okwenzeka lichaza ekwakheni lezi zinhlobo acid acid compounds, kukhona 20. Nokho, inhlanganisela yawo ehlukahlukene ivumela amaprotheni ukuze baphumelele ubuningi nezinhlobo kwengoma.

amaphrotheni, biopolymers ehlukile conformation ngekwendzawo. Ngokwesibonelo, omele kungenzeka akhona ngendlela isakhiwo lokuqala, lesibili, ephakeme noma quaternary.

I elula kunazo futhi komugqa owodwa - eyinhloko. Imane inani acid acid ukulandelanisa sihlanganiswe.

conformation Secondary has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba amaprotheni Imininingwane macrochains uqala Helical, ukwakha coil. eduze macrostructures ababili elise aphethwe eceleni komunye ngenxa hydrogen ne covalent ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwamaqembu amabili e-athomu omoya-. Hlukanisa alpha ne-beta Helix isakhiwo yesibili amaprotheni.

isakhiwo Tertiary yikhoyili ezigoqile endaweni macromolecule (polypeptide chain) amaprotheni. inethiwekhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kokusebenzisana phakathi globule lokhu kuvumela uzinze ngokwanele futhi ugcine ifomu wathola.

conformation quaternary - ingaphezu polypeptide ngamaketanga futhi ezigoqile ikhoyili spirally swirled okuyinto ngaleyo ndlela futhi kwakha link amaningi ezinhlobo ezehlukene. Kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo isakhiwo globular.

Imisebenzi yama-protein molecule

1. Ezokuthutha. It wenziwa ingxenye plasma ulwelwesi amaprotheni amaseli. Bakha iziteshi ion, okuyinto bayakwazi ukudlulisela izakhi ezithile. Futhi, amaprotheni amaningi ziyingxenye ukuhamba organelles ka lenyama namagciwane, ngakho-ke, abahileleke ngokuqondile ukunyakaza kwabo.
2. Umsebenzi amandla uyabulawa idatha molecule ekhuthele kakhulu. Omunye igremu wamaprotheni umzimba kuthathwa 17.6 kJ. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa yezitshalo nezilwane Imikhiqizo equkethe lezi compounds, kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise izinto eziphilayo.
3. Ukwakhiwa sici iqhaza amaprotheni molecule ekwakhiweni iningi izakhiwo amaselula kwamaseli ngokwabo, izicubu, izitho, nokunye. Cishe noma iyiphi iseli icanjwe kusuka la mangqamuzana (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, plasma ulwelwesi, ribosome, mitochondria nezinye izakhiwo zinengxenye kumiswa amaprotheni compounds).
4. Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba Kwenziwa enzyme, okuyinto, ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, kukhona into enjalo amaprotheni. Ngaphandle enzyme ngeke kwenzeke kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni, ngoba - yelikhono begazi ekuphileni izinhlelo.
5. Yokwamukela (futhi babike lapho kuba khona), umsebenzi kusiza amaseli ukuzulazula futhi aphendule noma iluphi ushintsho imvelo, kokubili mechanical futhi amakhemikhali.

Uma amaprotheni embuzweni ukujula, kungenzeka ukwaba abanye imisebenzi yesibili ngaphezulu. Nokho, ashiwo eziyisisekelo.

acid nucleic

biopolymers okunjalo - kuyingxenye ebalulekile zonke cell, kungakhathaliseki prokaryotic noma eukaryotic ke. Phela, acid nucleic abandakanya i-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) futhi-RNA (ribonucleic acid), ngamunye okuyinto intfo lebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo.

Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali of DNA ne-RNA ukulandelana kukhona ama-nucleotide exhumene ngu-hydrogen izibopho kanye amabhuloho phosphate. Ukwakheka siqukethe nucleotide DNA ezifana:

• i-adenine,
• thymine;
• i-guanine ne;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty ushukela deoxyribose.

RNA ungachazwa ukuthi thymine kufakwa uracil, no shukela - ribose.

Ngenxa inhlangano ekhethekile isakhi DNA akwazi ukwenza eziningi imisebenzi yawo ibaluleke kakhulu. RNA nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile iseli.

Imisebenzi acid ezifana

acid nucleic - biopolymers ukuthi banesibopho imisebenzi elandelayo:

1. DNA ingumsingathi futhi Transmitter ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kumaseli yezinto eziphilayo. Ngo prokaryotes, i-molecule ye kwasakazwa the cytoplasm. I cell eukaryotic ongaphakathi ikhenela ahlukaniswe karyotheca.
2. Kabili balahleke molecule ye-DNA kuhlukaniswe - izakhi zofuzo ezakha isakhiwo le-chromosome. Zofuzo ngayinye iwuhlobo ekhethekile ikhodi zofuzo lapho zonke izimpawu ngekhodi umzimba.
3. RNA kuyinto ezintathu izinhlobo --matrix, ribosomal nezokuthutha. Ribosomal ehilelekile synthesis nasemhlanganweni wamaprotheni molecule izakhiwo abafanele. Matrix kanye nokuhanjiswa Imininingwane ukufunda kusukela DNA bese wokufunda incazelo yalo yemvelo.

polysaccharides

Lezi zinto zehlela - Esikhatsini lesinyenti polymers yemifino, okungukuthi, butholakala amaseli izitshalo. Kuyinto ecebile ikakhulukazi polysaccharides ka odongeni cell, okuyindawo ehlanganisa cellulose.

Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, polysaccharides - isakhiwo macromolecule eziyinkimbinkimbi carbohydrate. Kungaba yomugqa, egqinsiwe conformations crosslinked. Monomers kukhona ezinhlanu elula, ngokuvamile eziyisithupha-carbon ushukela - ribose, glucose, fructose. Ingabe kubalulekile izidalwa, ngoba ingxenye amaseli isitshalo izakhi reserve kukhona wajinge wanamatsela ukukhulula esiningi namandla.

Lokho Okushiwo abameleli ezahlukene

polymers ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo efana isitashi, i-cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin nabanye. Ukuthi imithombo ebalulekile amandla ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ngakho, i-cellulose - isakhi esiyisibopho isitshalo cell izindonga amagciwane athile. Inikeza amandla, isimo esithile. Ngo umkhakha, indoda esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni iphepha, imicu acetate.

Isitashi - elingasebenzi izakhi isitshalo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi abalulekile umkhiqizo ukudla kwabantu nezilwane.

Glycogen, noma isilwane fat, - reserve izakhamzimba ezilwaneni nakubantu. It wenza umsebenzi zihlale zifudumele, umthombo wamandla, Ukuvikelwa lokukhanda.

biopolymers ezixutshiwe lichaza ekwakheni izidalwa

Ngaphezu lezo sesixoxile, kukhona inhlanganisela ezahlukene compounds ephezulu yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Okunjalo biopolymers - isakhiwo okuxubile eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni lipids (Esilula) noma polysaccharides namaprotheni (glycoproteins). inhlanganisela lipids futhi polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) nazo zingaba khona.

Ngayinye yalezi biopolymers has izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ukuthi enze ezintweni eziphilayo eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile: ezokuthutha, mkhosi, yokwamukela, ukuqondisa, enzymatic, ukwakhiwa kanye nabanye abaningi. isakhiwo wabo amakhemikhali iyinkimbinkimbi futhi akubona bonke abamele uguqulwa, ngakho umsebenzi akachaziwe ngokugcwele. Njengamanje, yaziwa kuphela ezivamile, kodwa okuningi izinsalela imingcele bolwazi lwabantu.