Uyini enuzi ngokuhlakaza

Igama elithi "amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza" manje ajwayelekile kubo bonke, eqinisweni, sibe uphawu inkathi. Naphezu izingozi ezingase usebenzisa amadivaysi ezinjalo, ekukhanyeni Ukuwohloka ezweni imithombo kawoyela sikhungo fuel zenuzi mihle kakhulu.

A amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza kuyinto kudivayisi ubunjiniyela, lapho ukusabela ilawulwa ukuqoqwa of fissile imfucumfucu enemisebe, ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwe amandla. The main injongo - isizukulwane i kagesi (Amandla enuzi aye izitshalo - NPP), nokuthola fissile Izakhi ezisindayo we ishadi lesikhathi (ukuguqulwa). I ophendulayo lokuqala zenuzi yabuthelwa bafakwa ukusebenza ngo-1942 e-United States ngaphansi kokuqondisa physics ovelele ngesikhathi sakhe - Enrique Fermi. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ophendulayo yayo umkhankaso Canada, kwathi ngo-1946 - Russian.

Siphawula iphuzu esisodwa esibalulekile: abantu abaningi abasazi isihloko, ngokuvamile ukholelwa ukuthi amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza ugesi ngqo, futhi kuba eceleni ka enemisebe fissile nophethiloli. Ngeshwa, lokhu akunjalo. Empeleni, amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza kuyinto heater omkhulu, uma kungekhona "reboiler" ekwazisa ukushisa naphakathi ukuthi wenza umsebenzi ewusizo futhi kukhiqizwe ugesi esebenzisa generator ezivamile.

Ukuze siphendule imibuzo eminingi, cabanga zenuzi ophendulayo iyunithi. Ikhipha iyiphi enuzi ngokuhlakaza kuhlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo:

- central zone asebenzayo fast neutron umengameli. Lapha kulapho ukusabela ukuqoqwa;

- ungqimba sibonakalisa neutrons. Kuyadingeka ukunciphisa Ukungena of ionizing emisebeni, kanye ngcono ukufakwa;

- Ukuvikelwa ngemisebe. Njengomthetho, kuholele izihlangu;

- kokupholisayo. Zonke onobuhle samanje sikhungo kuyinto ebalulekile ingxenye;

- control induku kudivayisi nuclei kwamazinyo ngesikhathi yokusabela;

- ukupholisa wesifunda;

- mshini elawulwa kude.

Ukuze ekusebenzeni zenuzi sikhungo boilers wasebenzisa izinsimbi ezisindayo - nokwe-uranium-233, 235 noma plutonium-239. Izakhiwo salezi zici wukuthi iyunithi isikhathi isakhiwo sabo e-athomu ngalinye asitholayo noqhekeko nokuguqulwa (eqhekeza). Kule nqubo, i-nuclei ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ezikhishwe neutrons. Atom elahlekile (kuzuze) neutron iguqulwe ibe esinye isici enkulumweni ishadi lesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngendlela ka Uranium-Plutonium-238 ibhalwe 239. Yashaya ku-athomu omoya-eduze we indaba fuel kuba, sibonga ngesivinini ukukhululwa neutrons zaso ezingeziwe. inyuka Ubude e inchubekelembili - iqala ukusabela chain of ukuqoqwa. Uma ngalesi sigaba hhayi ukuthatha isinyathelo isiqondiso yayo, umphumela kuyinto engalawuliwe uchungechunge yenuzi ukuphendula, ephelezelwa ukukhululwa ngendathane oluningi kakhulu amandla (iziqhumane zasemkhathini).

Ukuze ulawule indlela osebenzisa indlela ezimbili esibophezelayo - ethula ku nengaphakathi umengameli esehlisa neutron ukuzigcina iphila isivinini ukucubungula futhi bengena inombolo oyifunayo lokulawula izinduku (cadmium noma boron) iyavuleka neutrons ngokweqile.

Ngo ukubola nuclei uphehla ukushisa, okuyinto heats a afundwa ukudluliswa ukushisa uketshezi (amanzi), it is iguqulwe ibe umusi uzungeza a ophephela futhi generator kagesi.

Leli cebo eziyisisekelo. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana ke. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi-kokupholisayo kungenzeka zemvelo noma abilayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Lesi sakamuva kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole esishisa bhé umusi, ukwandisa nekghono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi - hhayi kuphela uhlobo kokupholisayo (kungaba igesi noma metal ketshezi). Kwezinye izinguqulo sikhungo cishe yizona ezisetshenziswa kabanzi alisetshenziswa.