Dislocation - Iyini? Yini ukuthunyelwa wezempi amayunithi, imikhumbi, izimoto, izimpawu zomgwaqo, noma amajaji ukuthula?

Umqondo "dislocation" lisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Kungatholakala kubhalwe kwezesayensi, ezindabeni zezempi, umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-ukusatshalaliswa amajaji emhlabeni ukhulume ukuthunyelwa zabo. Lo mqondo emazwini Latin futhi uhumusha ngokuthi "dislocation", "hambisa", "shift", "indawo", "endaweni".

i-chemistry

Cabanga ngesibonelo umqondo ngoba zinhlayiya. Letakhi kungase kudingeke kunekwehluleka. Bafana emgqeni, futhi-athomu izinhlayiya ngokwabo akusethwanga kahle. Ukuthi lungenzeka ushintsho olunjalo libizwa dislocations ku crystal. Bona ikhipha-sensitive kukhona, ishintsha ezinye izakhiwo zabo. Dislocation - ukuhlukumeza kokubili ngaphandle nangaphakathi. crystal ngokwayo ilahlekelwa impahla yayo mechanical, akuyona eqinile futhi nokunwebeka.

ngezigaba

Dislocation yilona onqenqemeni futhi isikulufa. Uma crystal uphelele ke ubude lonke izindiza-athomu ahlelwe ngokulinganisa. Kodwa lapho wavele ngaphakathi isakhiwo ngokwaso, kuholela i dislocation onqenqemeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i extra isigamu eyakheke. Lubizwa njengoba eksisi ukusonteka. Uma sisebenzisa ngesibonakhulu, ungabuka isithombe ngokuningiliziwe futhi ubone ukuthi ngokukhethekile ahlelwe imigqa athomu. Uma crystal ngokwayo ukwenza imbobo eduze indiza yaba izingxenye ezine, bese ukuhambisa lowermost ungqimba isihlobo kuya phezulu 1 interatomic ibanga ohlangothini perpendicular futhi emva konke lokhu futhi ukubopha bonke ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ku emaphethelweni okuphambene nomunye, khona-ke lo iphethini zizobonisa ngokuphelele dislocation onqenqemeni. Eyesibili imbobo - iyona isiqondiso shift, othiwa Burgers vector. Therethrough futhi ngokwalo umugqa isici kuzodlula indiza ukushelela dislocations. Ngakho, kwakheka lesi indiza extra. I crystal ngokwayo ilahlekelwe ukubukeka kwayo futhi ubukeka zihluke kakhulu, njengoba kufanele. Dislocation - ungaphakathi nohlobo oluthile lokucindezeleka. Bona kwenzeke ngaphakathi isakhiwo. Ngaphambi shift langempela yonke crystal welulela phakathi nokunwebeka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke lokhu isimo iba buthakathaka. Qala nezinguquko ngaphakathi umthombo, okuholela dislocation. Zithwala phuca ezisebusweni ukungezwani ngenxa indawo ngamaza okukhanya, kungaba kokubili ukuheha dudula. Uma lezi zithwala ziyafana, shift ebonwe isakhiwo crystal ukuthi sisalokhu ohlangothini olulodwa zibe slide kwelinye. Ngesikhathi indlela ukuthunyelwa lokhu offset inxephezelwa.

ukufuduka

Crystal kungenziwa zikhubazekile, kodwa kungenzeki kanjalo nje. Kuleli qophelo, ngaphakathi nje ezihambayo dislocation. Lesi senzakalo njengoba ukushelela ezaziwayo. Uma le nqubo kwenzeka, crystal is zikhubazekile by ibanga elilingana notch yesibili. Kodwa kulokhu kungekho ukusonteka waphawula phakathi kwawo wonke ama-athomu, kodwa kunalokho kuphela phakathi labo ngezinye eksisi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukungenela izici zangaphandle ayidingekile. Konke kwenzeka nge voltage iphansana, ikakhulu lapho uqhathaniswa izinqubo e zinhlayiya ekahle, okuyinto angaphansi ukushintsha ngaphandle dislocation. Kungenzeka ukuba bagcine isibonelo izakhiwo ngentambo-like.

izakhiwo ezivamile

Bobabili dislocation lengashelela perpendicular kuya ebusweni, okuholela ukuqwala intaba. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa yokuthi kukhona okusheshayo-athomu, kodwa uma izinga lokushisa lehla, kubambezela futhi interpenetration. Uma kukhona umthwalo osindayo, wonke ama-athomu uma abamelene nawo, ukukhasa kwindawo bazifisa. Esimweni esinjalo, beya kwenzeka. Kodwa izinqubo zihloselwe kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka. Deformation ngokwawo ngqo wakhona velocity we dislocation. Ngokuvamile, uma izinguquko kungenzeka ngaphandle ukuguquguquka, kuphela uma okusheshayo wenziwa.

ukuhamba

Ziningi izici kuphazamise khulula beya. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zezakhi zihlanganisa amandla athomu, abampofu electron conductivity, ezifana izinsimbi, kuyaqina, ukuxhumana nabanye dislocations futhi t. D. Ngamanye amazwi, lo ezincane lezi kwezithiyo, la ngokushesha iba offset. Futhi ngokushesha nje lapho ukwanda voltage isiliphu iyakhula. Ngokuvamile, izibalo wafakazela ukuthi dislocation - a ukukhubazeka topological. Bakha zinhlayiya esitebeleni. Futhi uma ababili phuca ubuso, ngale kwalokho bazonibulala nomunye, uzonyamalala. Single dislocation efanayo ubalekela ngaphandle uma intando isakhiwo umugqa. Ngokulandelako, cabangela omunye sphere kwesicelo leli qiniso.

amabutho ahlomile

Uma uthi nhlá, inhlanganisela ongavamile amazwi, futhi lilula ngempela. Ukuthunyelwa amabutho - kungcono nje ukulingana ahlomile amabutho, amasosha, amayunithi, imikhumbi, lezisekelo asolwandle. Kungenzeka kokubili ezweni ukuba bangabayiphi, kanye nangale kwemingcele yayo. Indawo ukuthunyelwa - iyona ndawo ukuthunyelwa amasosha ngaphambi kwempi ezibalulekile. ngaleyo ndlela Team Ukwakheka icacisa lapho othile ukuthumela, lapho ukuthuthela ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yezempi. Noma yiziphi izinguqulo ukubekwa zidinga imvume esiqinile. izinkampani kuphela, Battalion namabhethri zingasuswa regiments ngeke, izinduna lapho zitholakala, futhi Division Shona bangase bachithe Ibutho, kodwa aphume endaweni ecacisiwe akuvunyelwe. Kukhona ekhethekile amakhadi dislocation. Bahlanganisa okunemibandela izimpawu ngokufakwa amabutho.

imikhumbi

Kodwa amamephu kuboniswa ukuthunyelwa imithambo zinokwaziswa umsebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, awukwazi ukusebenzisa kwabo ukunquma inkambo efanele e navigation zasolwandle. Kumephu bethole indlela ekhethekile ukuhlonza isetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi Mapping sikubonise nalapho ukuhamba ngemikhumbi kwenzeka.

Izincwajana zemininingwane / ujantshi

Ensimini ka-Ukraine, eRussia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, emazweni aseBaltic kanye CIS amazwe eyenziwa ukuthunyelwa njalo lwezinqola. Futhi kanye noma kabili ngelanga ekhiqizwa ulwazi nokubekwa kwayo. Lezi zinqubo zenzeka ngokushesha ehleliwe. Ukuqalisa ethungatha ukunyakaza nokusatshalaliswa kungaba ngesandla. Kukhona futhi izindlela othomathikhi. Bona izinketho ethize ukuphakamisa. Omunye wabo okuthiwa "Isicelo esiteshini."

Icebo dislocation izimpawu zomgwaqo

Konke lokhu uhlelo okubeka kufanele zihlanganisa izici eziningana. Ngakho, khona esiyisibopho imigwaqo kubhekwa plan for izimoto, amagrafu Curves kanye nemithambeka longitudinal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube mshini emigwaqweni, layout izinhlamvu kanye nemikhawulo, navigation kanye amasignali isikhundla womgwaqo, yokuwela (kokubili ezweni kanye komhlaba). Kuyadingeka mshini izibani, ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Kukhona izicelo eziningi ezingakusiza ukunquma sengqondo izimpawu zomgwaqo endaweni ethile indawo yabo. Ziyafana ibalazwe noma ukuzulazula.

kwezinye izimo

Emvelweni, kukhona ngisho dislocation zobuchopho. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho dengwane eyodwa ngokuhlobene nezinye isakhiwo. Le nqubo kuholela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka kwegazi futhi t. D. Njengoba ingqondo akusho ugcwalise ugebhezi, ukuthi lapho zihlatshwa izici ezithile, kungashiwo dengwane, kanjalo deform. Ngemva kwalokho, ngokungabi bikho ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi yomzimba uyeke ukusebenza kahle.

isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, dislocation - umqondo enezici. Isetshenziselwa ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kungasebenza ukuba zinhlayiya, traffic, kuya nezempi ngisho ingqondo. Ensimini ngayinye ezidinga ongeziwe okusho ukubaluleka ezincane eziningi ngokuhambisana endaweni kubhekwe.