Ngavula Athanasius Nikitin? "Uhambo Beyond amathathu iziLwandle" Afanasiya Nikitina

Ngokuqinisekile wawufisa ukwazi ukuthi kuvulwe Athanasius Nikitin. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda lapho ivakashela isihambi okukhulu. Iminyaka yokuphila Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). Wazalwa ngo Tver, indodana Nikita, a nabalimi abancane, ngakho Nikitin - a patronymic hhayi igama isihambi. Iningi abalimi ngesikhathi kwakungekho amagama zokugcina.

Kuphela ingxenye eyaziwa mlando ka yomlando wakhe. Akukho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana ebusheni bakhe futhi ebuntwaneni we isihambi. Kuyaziwa kuphela khona ukuthi wagcina engumlandeli yomthengisi zisencane sasivumela abasha waya eCrimea, wayiyisa eByzantium, Lithuania nakwamanye amazwe ebhizinisini. amabhizinisi ngempela yimpumelelo Athanasius wabuyela ngokuphepha evela phesheya ekhaya izimpahla Were.

Ngezansi lesikhumbuzo of Afanasy Nikitin, elise Tver.

Ngo 1468 Athanasius laqala uhambo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho wavakashela eMpumalanga ye-Afrika, baye India nasePheresiya. Loluhambo lwekutfola kuchazwa incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "Journey Beyond amathathu iziLwandle" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin waya Baku ngokusebenzisa yasePheresiya, ngaleso sikhathi ngu ukugibela enqamula ezintabeni, ngaya phambili eningizimu. Akenzanga ekubalekeni nohambo lwabo, ephumula isikhathi eside nasemizaneni funda ulimi lwendawo, kanye kokuba wahlanganyela ukuhweba. Athanasius efika entwasahlobo ka 1449 e-Hormuz - idolobha elikhulu elise empambana kuyo imizila yohwebo: evela eNdiya, China, I-Asia Minor neGibhithe.

ERussia, kwakuvele imikhiqizo ye Hormuz ezaziwayo. Ikakhulukazi, iparele odumile Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, nazi ukuthi emzini Indian zokuthumela amahhashi, banquma ukwenza ibhizinisi nalo muzi. Wathenga i inkunzi Arab futhi wagibela umkhumbi ethembeni bethengisa khona inzuzo e-India. Athanasius waya emzini Chaul. Ngakho-ke baqhubeka ukutholakala Russian of India. Athanasius Nikitin wayethola lapha ulwandle.

Okuvelayo Okokuqala mayelana India

Kwathatha amasonto ayisithupha diving. A umbono elinamandla umthengisi ukwenze India. Traveller, ungakhohlwa ukuhweba, naye waqala ukuba nesithakazelo ucwaningo ethnographic. Waloba ngokuningiliziwe ezincwadini zabo zohambo yilokho ezakubona. Emibhalweni yakhe, India presents ezweni elihle lapho akunjalo, njengoba eRussia. Athanasius wabhala ukuthi bonke abantu lapha uhambe nude abamnyama. amazed yakhe ukuthi izindlela ngisho nesizotha izakhamizi ukugqoka ubucwebe igolide. Nikitin yena, ngasendleleni, futhi umxhwele amaNdiya. Akuvamile siphambi bendawo ukubona abelungu. Nikitin ayikwazanga Chawla ngokunenzuzo ukuthengisa ihhashi lakhe. Wahamba wangena nabo phakathi impela yezwe, njengoba sengike edolobheni elincane, elise sifinyelela ongenhla Sina, bese Dzhunnare.

Yini ebhala Athanasius Nikitin?

Athanasius Nikitin waphawula imininingwane yasendlini, echaza izinto ngamasiko endawo ekuvakasheni amanothi akhe. Kwakucishe incazelo yokuqala indlela Indian yokuphila, hhayi kuphela iRussia kuphela kodwa Europe. Athanasius wabhala ngalokho ukudla abendawo Ningakudla okusensimini zidla izinkomo, yini imikhiqizo ukuthengisa, egqoka ngayo. Bona inqubo yokukhiqiza ngisho uphuzo oludakayo iye yachazwa, kanye ngokwezifiso emizi amakhaya e-India ukulala embhedeni okufanayo izivakashi.

Indaba esenzeka inqaba Dzhunnar

I inqaba Dzhunnar isihambi ibophe hhayi eyabo. Khan Local abelethwe inkunzi-Athanasius, lapho ezwa ukuthi isivakashi ezivela eRussia, hhayi basurmanin nawabeZizwe ukubeka umbandela: noma amukela Islam, hhayi kuphela awabuyelanga ihhashi lakhe, kodwa uzobe ebugqilini Khan. Ezinsukwini ezine wanikezwa yokuzihlola. ithuba kuphela Ulondoloze Traveller Russian. Wahlangana Mohammed, nomngane wakhe wakudala ngubani ekuqinisekisa owezizweni phambi Khan.

Nikitin wafunda izinyanga ezimbili ayihlala Dzhunnare, kwezolimo labantu. Waphawula ukuthi eNdiya, nokuhlwanyela zilima kakolweni, uphizi nelayisi ngezinkathi zemvula. Iphinde lichaza wineries wendawo. Ukhukhunathi esetshenziswa therein njengoba impahla eluhlaza.

Njengoba Athanasius wathengisa ihhashi

Athanasius wavakashela ngemva Dzhunnara idolobha Alland. Kube fair enkulu. Umnini-sitolo wafuna uthengise ihhashi Arabian, kodwa futhi kuhlulekile. Futhi ngaphandle kwakhe ngesikhathi fair kwaba eningi amahhashi ezinhle.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu e 1471 kuphela ephethwe ukuwudayisa, nokuthi ngaphandle kuzuze, noma ngisho at ukulahlekelwa. Kwathi emzini Bidar, befika lapho, elinde zemvula kwesinye zokuhlala. Yama kancane isikhathi eside lapha, senza abangane nabantu bendawo. Athanasius utshele izakhamizi mayelana nokholo lwawo phansi. AmaNdiya wabuye watshela lukhulu isakhiwo nomndeni wabo, imithandazo kanye namasiko. Nikitina eziningi eziqoshiwe anikezelwe nezindaba wenkolo bendawo.

Parvat kumarekhodi Nikitin sika

Ngokulandelayo, ngavula Athanasius Nikitin kwaba umuzi ongcwele Parvati. Wafika lapha Krishna Ibhishi e 1472. Lo muzi babe ethembekileyo abavela kulo lonke elase-India i-mkhosi waminyaka yonke, okuyinto sanikezelwa le Shiva unkulunkulu. Nikitin kuphawulwe idayari yakhe ukuthi unendawo obulinganayo ngoba Indian Brahmins, efana eJerusalema kumaKristu.

travel Ngaphezu kwalokho Afanasy Nikitin

Enye unyaka nengxenye enqamula India yomthengisi ngomzamo ukudayisa futhi bafunde amasiko endawo. Kodwa amabhizinisi (ie, kungani Athanasius Nikitin wahamba nezilwandle ezintathu) kwehlulekile. Ifanele ukuthekelisa eRussia kwezimpahla kusukela e-Indiya, akazange awuthole.

Afanasii Nikitin wavakashela ziyabuya Afrika (i-East Coast). Izwe Ethiopia, ngokuvumelana Diaries, esinda waphunyuka kunesigameko sokuphanga. Traveller wahlenga isinkwa nelayisi kubaphangi.

ukubuya

Afanasiya Nikitina uhambo baqhubeka yokuthi wabuyela Ormuz uhambe enyakatho ngokusebenzisa Iran, lapho ngaleso sikhathi belwa. Athanasius lidlule Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan futhi kwaba e Trabzon, edolobheni Turkish, esisogwini olusentshonalanga eseningizimu yoLwandle Olumnyama. Ukubuya kwakubonakala eduze, kodwa isimo uye ephenduka Nikitin. Iziphathimandla Turkish bambamba, njengoba wayenze iphutha i hlola Iranian. Ngakho-Athanasius Nikitin, umthengisi Russian kanye isihambi, ukuthi bancishwa impahla yakhe yonke. Okusele kuye - idayari.

Athanasius wathatha imali ukuya ngoshwele. Wayefuna ukuthola Feodosia, lapho ayehlele ukuhlangabezana abathengisi Russian ukhokhe izikweletu nabo. Ngo Kafu (Feodosiya), kwakungase kuphela ukufinyelelwa ku 1474, ekwindla. Nikitin wachitha ubusika lapha, kokuqeda amanothi uhambo. Entwasahlobo wanquma ukuhamba emuva Russia eMfuleni Dnieper e Tver. Lokhu kuphetha uhambo India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ukufa Afanasiya Nikitina

Kodwa ukubuya kwakungamelwe isihambi: waze washona ngo Smolensk ezimweni akucacile. Mhlawumbe ubunzima nosizi babungonakala Athanasius impilo. Satellites ke eMoscow abathengisi, alethwe eMoscow futhi wanikeza wesandla sakhe Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan yabo umeluleki III. Okufakiwe Kamuva kufakwe zemihla ngemihla 1480.

Zitholakale lapho ekhulwini le-19 Karamzin futhi eshicilelwe ngaphansi isihloko kombhali ngo-1817. Iqondiswe esihlokweni salo msebenzi ezintathu kwezilwandle - iCaspian, Black Sea nase-Indian Ocean.

Ngavula Athanasius Nikitin?

Long ngaphambi kokufika labelungu India kuleli zwe wazibonakalisa yomthengisi Russian. Umzila ulwandle wavulwa lapha UVasco da Gama, umthengisi isiPutukezi, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva.

Nakuba ilitshe yokuthengisa awuzange kufinyelelwa, umphumela wawuba incazelo yokuqala yohambo yeNdiya. ERussia yasendulo phambi kwakwaziwa kuphela tinganekwane izincwadi ezithile. Le ndoda kwekhulu le-15 wakwazi ukubona leli lizwe ngamehlo abo futhi ithalente ukutshela lomfo. Wabhala isimiso sezombusazwe, inkolo, ukuhweba, izilwane zakwamanye amazwe (izindlovu, izinyoka, izinkawu), amasiko endawo, futhi baloba ezinye edume.

Nikitin wabuye wachaza isimo sezwe kanye nomuzi lapho akakholwanga wavakashela, kodwa lapho etshelwa ukuthi amaNdiya. Ukhuluma ngokukhethekile esiqhingini eCeylon, Calcutta, Indochina, ngaleso sikhathi ezazingaziwa Russian. Ngakho lokho wavula Athanasius Nikitin, yayibaluleke kakhulu. idatha eqoqwe ngokucophelela manje asivumela ukuba wahlulele nezifiso geopolitical nakwezempi ababusi India ngaleso sikhathi, yebutho lawo.

"Uhambo Beyond amathathu iziLwandle" Afanasiya Nikitina - umbhalo ngqa emlandweni izincwadi Russian. Bhala umsindo eyingqayizivele kwenza lo mlando ukuthi isihambi akusho kuphela ukuchaza izindawo ezingcwele, njengama-pilgrim kanye phambi kwakhe. Hhayi izinto ezahlukene lwenkolo yobuKristu awela insimu yakhe umbono, futhi abantu nabanye izinkolelo nendlela yawo yokuphila. Amanothi elingenalo self-ukucwaninga kanye Okusemthethweni kuka ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi.