Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile amakhowe futhi ihluke kanjani izitshalo nezilwane?

U-Adalberto isikhathi eside, amakhowe libhekisela isitshalo. Bakhandwa libhekene njengabangelutho, akudingeki i-chlorophyll. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ezifana izimpawu amakhowe njengoba ukuqina, ikhono likhule kukho konke ukuphila, nendlela yokudla, khona yezinyoni igobolondo kanzima, bavunyelwe ososayensi ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana nesimo salezi zidalwa okuqondene izitshalo aphansi. Kodwa kule 1970-80s e nezesayensi kwakungabantu ngabodwa yabo umbuso ahlukene, njengoba kungabantu abangaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu zilwane. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi eqinisweni izinhlobo amakhowe okuningi bamane nje hhayi zonke umuntu evulekile. Mayelana kwalokho, yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile isikhunta, okuyinto izakhiwo ngabo isici kakhulu, futhi eziningi nezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo ukuzama ukukutshela kulesi sihloko.

mycology

Isayensi ukutadisha ukuphila kwabo futhi basebenze, bese, yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile isikhunta, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi mycology. Ngu isiko, kubhekwa isigaba Botany (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo amakhowe njengoba izitshalo wafunda zezitshalo, ososayensi). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ngaleyo ndlela igama elithi "amakhowe" akazange alale ocacile ngokuphelele, ekuhlanganiseni ezahlukene isakhiwo kanye nohlobo ukudla eziphilayo.

Inani elikhulu labanye

Imvelo salezi zidalwa - lugcwele ngempela, nezinto eziphilayo kanye nezemvelo. Amakhowe kungabonwa yonke indawo: emhlabathini, emoyeni namanzi izikhala. Futhi ngokusho kombiko lochwepheshe ehlukahlukene, mycologists, kukhona phakathi 100,000 esigidini zinhlobo isikhunta futhi eziphilayo gribopodobnyh. Babé ingxenye enkulu izinhlelo lonke emvelweni emhlabeni. Izwe lethu ngokoqobo kwakwande nalezi zilwane bemvelo: kusukela ezinhlamvu ezincane emoyeni ziyozalela, elula ngaphansi phansi ngezinyawo amakhilomitha amaningi. Phela, lo abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi into enkulu Emhlabeni - a amakhowe! Ziyini izimpawu ezivamile mushroom nge ezihlukahlukene kunalokho enkulu kubo, kusukela cishe ayibonakali iso ukuze impikiswano blewits-Tinder, kokuba isisindo kuka 10 amakhilogramu? Ndawonye, ake sihlaziye.

Izimpawu ethize ukuze isikhunta

Njengoba sekushiwo, amakhowe aqukethe izimpawu kokubili ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Okungukuthi abe ukufana ne isilwane, nokuphila plant, ngokuba akekho noma nezinye. Lezi zimfanelo amakhowe futhi eziphilayo gribopodobnyh futhi bavunyelwe ukuba ukwaba nabo indawo ehlukile bemvelo.

ukuthengisela Izindlela

Fungus kukhona heterotrophs. Lokhu kusho ukuthi musa synthesize udaba eziphilayo nokulisebenzisa njengendlela ukudla kakade ifomu esiphelele. It fikisa them closer izilwane. Shlyapochnye amakhowe abaningi, isibonelo, baphathe Symbiosis izitshalo: Ukubambisana mutual, lapho ibhalwe ezitshalweni organic efile, ukusuthisa ngendlela futhi ukubola izindaba organic ku wezinto ezingaphili, kokulahla kubo. Isimila yena, ubizwa etholakala isikhunta, lezi namaminerali njengoba ukudla. Ngakho, izimpawu ezivamile amakhowe zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko heterotrophy. Ngokuvamile, izindlela kwamandla kungenzeka isikhunta namagciwane, futhi ngisho nalabo abanukubeza izingane. Izimuncagazi amakhowe yethulwe umzimba abaphikisi ngokusebenzisa lilimele. ngezinye izikhathi kungabangela ngisho nokufa yenkosi yakhe, udle Okusele kwalo - izinto ezifile. A mushroom umbuso izilwane ezidla ezinye wabanjwa amoeba futhi nematodes usebenzisa mabhamuza ekhethekile ingcina phezu hyphae.

Ayikho i-chlorophyll

Amakhowe ayikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis, izitshalo ezifanayo. Ziqukethe kungekho chlorophyll kumaseli. Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile amakhowe? Ukwakheka cell yabo kuhlanganisa chitin (isici, isibonelo, amathambo ka eyisinambuzane). Futhi namanje ukukwazi ukugcina lezi carbohydrate (glycogen), kanye wokugcina umkhiqizo umzimba excreted - okukhiphayo. Futhi lezi izimpawu ezivamile isikhunta futhi abalethe akasondele eduze kwesilwane.

Baxhashazwe nokukhula

Amakhowe abakwazi ukuthutha njengoba ukwenza izilwane. Ngomqondo othile, aziyi (Yiqiniso, ngaphandle kokuthi cabanga mycelium, elikwaziyo ukuhambahamba, ezikhulayo komhlaba, ngezinye izikhathi amakhilomitha amaningi). Ngaphandle kwalokho, yonke impilo yami ikhule futhi ezala ngu ezinhlamvu, njengoba ukwenza eziningi izitshalo. Futhi zidla ngokumunca futhi synthesize hormone nge amavithamini, nakho uletha ndawonye, siphathelene nezitshalo.

Umehluko wolimi

Kodwa naphezu eziningi ezifanayo, ososayensi bathole ukuthi isikhunta izitshalo baka amaqembu ahlukahlukene eziphilayo lasendulo ukuthi abaphila endulo imvelo yasemanzini. Futhi le mibuso emibili kuhluke indlela yabo kwemvelo.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile amakhowe

Ngezinye ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye izitshalo nezilwane nesikhunta babe izici zabo esingokwemvelo kuphela. Umzimba vegetative i umzimba - mycelium (mycelium) ikhule ezingaba ngaphandle umkhawulo wakho konke ukuphila kwakhe. kwakhiwa wamagatsha ngo substrate we okuthiwa mushroom hyphae - ijabulise izakhiwo filamentary. Bona Mushroom enamathiselwe substrate, lapho zidla khona. Ngo hyphae wavuma wazwakalisa isakhiwo yeselula. Ngokuvamile, amakhowe nalo isakhiwo unicellular futhi amaningi, zenuzi, igobolondo ishintshela kokungavinjelwe.

Kwangaphandle noma emoyeni zone eziningi amakhowe emizimbeni izithelo emelelwa (lokho sasivame impela uyobiza amakhowe). Ngo indawo evumayo ukuthi akuphi ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile kusukela mycelium. Izidumbu fruiting equkethe ezinhlamvu senzelwe zizalela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abanye isikhunta shlyapochnye ungaveza kufike ku eziningana achitha izinkulungwane zezigidi ezinhlamvu ngenxa yokuphila umzimba izithelo. Kodwa isikhunta akwazi ukwanda futhi mycelium (futhi kwezinye izimo amaseli yayo).