Isiphi isifundo eRussia lasendulo? Umqondo "izifundo ezifundiwe" e Rus Lasendulo

Isiphi isifundo eRussia lasendulo? Lo mqondo buhlobene eduze igama Olga (ca. 920 -. 969) - umfelokazi iSikhulu Kiev Igor, owabulawa ngo Iskorosten Drevlyane.

Kiev Prince Igor Ruricovich

Ukuze uveze umqondo egcwele "izifundo" eRussia lasendulo, ukuba aqale cabangela indaba umsuka, kusukela ekuqaleni, okungukuthi, kanye nokufa ePrince Igor. Wayengumuntu sobukhosi ngemva kokufa Varangian Olega Veschego. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi isikhulu alibonisi. Kunabantu abaye eziningana wayiyisa eByzantium yaphela kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngaphezu ngelula isivumelwano nokuhwebelana amaGreki, usungenile ngemvume by Oleg e 911 umsebenzi umbusi zingezona ezibonakalayo. Omunye can kuphela isiqephu esihlazisayo sezitha ukufa.

Igor isenzo ungase uzwakale uyisimanga. Siqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi, sengiphothule iqoqo yonyaka ka inkokhiso ezweni izikhonzi zakhe Drevlyane ayephelezelwa bakhe bahlale awujabuli lingakanani. Bese isikhulu wabuyela enhloko-dolobha yombuso Drevlyane Iskorosten (Korosten) ukuze kabusha ngokufunjathiswa nokuphamba. A labantu abuyé sokuyibulala.

Princess Olga - kowesifazane wokuqala sobukhosi

Amandla udluliselwa umfelokazi kwesikhulu. Ezweni elibuswa amasosha, owesifazane othile owayehlupheka kwakumelwe azibonakalise kubantu bakhe futhi izitha ukuthi kungaba ulingana umyeni wakhe. Luqala ngokunikela yokuziphindiselela. Imibhalo yisho 4 isinyathelo, kufakwe indaba kokubusa kwakhe.

Lokhu puzzle esingavamile Drevlianys elihlobene ne isiko emngcwabeni. ubudlova Popular phezu Drevlyane kwaba ukubhujiswa-dolobha yawo. Njengoba sebezinikele kule nomkhankaso wempi ngokumelene Iskorosten nendodana yakhe Svyatoslav wahola lamabutho ezinkulu, inkosazana washisa edolobheni lokhuni.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izifundo" eRussia lasendulo? Ngemva nokucindezela Drevlyane Olga waqala imizamo eyenziwayo ukuze kuqedwe izimbangela yokuhlubuka nepolitiki uhlelo lokunemphilo, ukubaluleka wathola umqondo ukuthi ifinyelele izikhathi zethu.

isimo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi e Rus Lasendulo

Kwaze kwabusa Kievan Rus Duchess wahlala Varangian iqondiswa. ababusi baso Rurik lithathe uhambo olude, wakha inqaba. Emithonjeni lasendulo kuyacaca ukuthi amaViking azange abe wekuba sive yabo futhi ayikwazanga ukuletha lokhu nakho eRussia. Basuke ngenkuthalo asathuthuka kanye nemizila emfuleni ukuhweba, kanye zimila izikhulu zendawo.

Ngokwethulwa amanzi ukuhweba amayunithi iqala amadolobha ekhula, ingqalasizinda lapho. It kwaba yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho ngendlela ethile. Amandla ezikhathini zasendulo kwakuwukuthi sivumele isishaya-mthetho nomhleli emnothweni. Izikhulu ukulawula mfula. isimo Kwakheka ngokuthi Kievan Rus.

Imizamo ukulawula futhi yinye: ukuthi kusho "izifundo" e Rus Lasendulo

Nascent elite imali abayithole ukuqaphela izifiso zabo wayithatha wayiyisa eByzantium, ngokomthetho inkokhiso evela izizwe nganqoba, Novgorod: 300 hryvnia ngonyaka ngenxa emhlabeni. Polyude ngokweqile izincwadi, ie ukuqoqwa inkokhiso isikhulu Kiev imali kanye nemikhiqizo yemvelo, akuphelanga-rolling izimpahla ababebuthene. Inkantolo entwasahlobo nge inkokhiso evela Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov nabanye. Bahlangana Kiev. Futhi ngo-June ngoxhaxha nge izimpahla waya iConstantinople. Lokhu kuboniswa iimvumelwano medieval nge eByzantium, lapho iningi izihloko enikelwe ukulawulwa wezomthetho ukuhweba.

Isikhulu futhi retinue lakhe ibingamashumi uwukuphela kwegunya oluhlanganisa emazweni tribal Slavic. Kwakumelwe sabathelisi bailiffs. I lamabutho wathola ezinye izimali ngokusebenzisa iqoqo lomuntu siqu inkokhiso, ingxenye imisebenzi futhi imikhankaso yezempi. Labantu kwadingeka ukuba abenzele ngesikhathi ukusebenza umsebenzi wabo. ERussia yasendulo iye yasungula ukulawula ekhethekile indlela: Ubuhlobo nefeodalno-ezikhonza ngaphansi hlobo. Kwenqwaba sabantu - amalungu omphakathi (abalimi khulula), enye ingxenye - esikwatini. Ngenxa yokuntuleka ngabanikazi bomhlaba, isikhulu wathola ukuqhutshwa labantu, ukuthi kuyinto intela.

Intela IX-X eminyaka

Minyaka yonke, kusukela November kuya April retinue kwesikhulu wathola imali ngezindlela 2:

• Tinker - ukulethwa ayimpoqo enkantolo kwesikhulu kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla;
• polyude - ephumayo amaqhawe amazwe ukuqoqwa imali, ukudla, izimpahla.

Abadlali izinhlelo intela babe zamasosha abasebasha.

Uhlelo intela yayiqondile futhi akazange anikeze imithetho ecacile futhi oda. Izintela babengaphumi njalo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okweqa oholele ukunganeliseki nokuvukela. Kuphela phakathi kwekhulu leshumi, okokuqala kukhona inqubo ngaphambilini, echaza ukuthi isifundo esinjalo eRussia lasendulo.

Yayiminingi kwezintela engaqondile ngesimo izimali zokuhweba kanye inhlawulo enkantolo:

• strangles ishajelwa ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezweni entabeni umngcele namanzi;
• isisindo kanye nesilinganiso - ngokulandelana ukuze wokulinganisa enesisindo futhi kwezimpahla;
• ukuhweba wayiswa abadayisa ezimakethe;
• Living ukhokheselwe ezitolo idivayisi;
• Vira - isijeziso ngokubulala senceku.

Kuhlelwa kabusha Princess Olga

ukufa Igor sika odlulela Olga ku kwakuyisenzo sokuqala sokuhlaselwa isimo. amathuna Langena futhi izifundo. Lokhu ERussia yasendulo kwaqala umsebenzi kwezomnotho. Ngaphambi main focus yakhe bekulokhu inchubomgomo yembuso linqoba ukunqoba, kunokuba ukuphathwa yangaphakathi. "Izifundo" Inani Rus lasendulo, izincazelo kanye nokubaluleka for wezwe enemininingwane encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Nestor. Olga akazange baphange umhlaba futhi eziqhutshwa kalula, "livela iVolga retinue, efuze ustavlyayuschi futhi izifundo." kwekuhlela kabusha zalo zazikunye elinokuthula.

Princess bathwalwa ku ushintsho:

• ukubeka ubukhulu inkokhiso;
• danschikov injongo - ababenze leli iqoqo inkokhiso;
• definition of reference amaphuzu - izindawo esikhethekile izimali.

Izifundo kanye amangcwaba eRussia lasendulo

Ukuqonda ngokuphelele ukuthi isifundo eRussia lasendulo, kubalulekile ukuba uhlole Article 8 Tax Code yesimanje. Empeleni, lokhu kabusha umzamo wokuqala maqondana autocracy futhi umthetho. Ukuqamba edingekayo izimo ezintsha kanye nobudlelwane. Nezimvume futhi izifundo is edamu izibopho nokushicilelwa iziqondiso lokuphathwa kwamandla. Namakamu futhi amathuna ukufakaza imingcele ohlola nesabelo abantu abaphethe, kanye ntela eqoqwe ebusika, kwakudingeka endaweni efudumele futhi isilondolozi. Ibanga amathuna edingekayo ukulawula emhlabathini. Ngakho, uchungechunge izinyathelo zithathiwe ebhekiswe ilungiselelo obunokuthula umnotho yangaphakathi.

Okokuqala, inkosazana uye bahlukanisa izwe ku emalokishini, izikhungo okwakwenza amathuna - esikhulu yezitolo ngomzana, emi loMfula imifula.

Ngakho yiziphi izifundo eRussia lasendulo? Incazelo sinikezwa "Iqiniso Russian", okubhekise ebaluleke iziphathimandla Tiuna. Babuthela inkokhiso evela zezizwe okukhishwa ubulungiswa. Ngokuvamile iqiniso Kumiswa ngokusebenzisa ofakazi. Uma bengakuqondi Ihambe Tiunov yakhetha esinikezwa yobuqaba. Imbangela ikhokhwe ukuba uhlawule, futhi uma yokungalaleli kwabantu uhulumeni wendawo wabizwa ukusiza nezidlamlilo. Amandla ophakeme athweswe ukulawula Princess lapho ezophinde singazelele kuyi ne ukuhlolwa, futhi intaba icala noma Tiuna ubuvila.

Umsuka wegama elithi "sifundo"

Okwakushiwo "izifundo" eRussia lasendulo lisho yesivumelwano, kuthengiselana, ubuhlobo letihlomulisa. I etymology kwegama elithi kuzokusiza uqonde kabanzi ukuthi kuyini. Igama ithatha e Proto-Slavic ulimi futhi livela "inkulumo / resch" olulodwa-ibangelwa lapho kumiswa ulimi imvelo abangamaqaba, futhi inqubo yezenzo isiko. Igama elithi "River" liveza ukuthi makabe nombono ezithile futhi ezihambisana ubuthakathi, futhi kamuva nge ukwamukelwa of Christianity, Nkulunkulu futhi imithetho osungulwe jikelele.

Isenzo Russian "urochit" eduze e umsindo "profetha" kunengqondo "ukuze bewitch, ukuba amise" sifundo - ". magic ngamazwi" Ngaphansi kwethonya okuphothula has umsindo eziningana lisuselwa "umfula" Rock, khuluma, Prophet, isihlamba, narekat, isifungo sifundo. Khona-ke igama elithi "isifundo" livele libe ifomu ukhonkolo xaxa futhi kuchazwa ngokuthi "umthetho, intela noma inkokhelo." Ngemva kwalokho, inani unciphise futhi incazelo ongokomfanekiso: "okuthile uyakha," lapho siba inhlanganisela "wesikole", "ihora yokufundisa".

Isiphi isifundo eRussia lasendulo: isiphetho

Ukuthuthukiswa entsha ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali esekelwe sifundo - alinganiselwe intela. iqoqo eziningi zeNdikimba yomkhokhi kwakungenakwenzeka lesi simiso. Izinguquko waqinisa kuhulumeni, ngikudalile inhlangano enamandla intela, kunqunywa imingcele zokuphatha, wandisa apharathasi zokuphatha. ubunikazi siqu kanye nesimo futhi izimali abangu okuchaza.
Olga imatasa Inqubomgomo yasekhaya hhayi kuphela, kodwa nangokomoya wakhula ekusebenziseni inqubomgomo angaphandle. Njengoba ebuKristwini, ngokuba yombusi oyiqaba isimo, kwenza isenzo sesibili - engokomoya. Wabanikeza lizwe umumo zomphakathi namasiko, okuyinto ngokwezinga elikhulu nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni kwesifundo. Ubu-Orthodox e Rus sidilizwa ngaqina emzimbeni futhi lokukwazi ukuzihlola.