Izimila ze-Antarctica: ukubuka konke kanye nezici ze-flora yase-Antarctica

Kubonakala sengathi e-South Pole, e-Antarctica ebanda kakhulu, akukho lutho olungakhula. Bathi isimo sezulu sifana kakhulu nesimo sezulu saseMartian, umehluko kuphela emanzini. Futhi inkulumo ethi "isitshalo se-Antarctica" kumuntu ibonakala ingenangqondo, ihlaya elingenalutho. Nokho, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Izimila ze-Antarctica zikhona, nakuba zingekho uhlu olubanzi lwezinhlobo zazo. Futhi abakwazi ukuziqhenya ngokukhangisa kwangaphandle.

Ukubhekisela emlandweni emthonjeni we-Antarctica

Namuhla, akusona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ngesikhathi saseMesozo izwekazi lase-Antarctica laliyisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke zokusungulwa kwemifula. Kodwa-ke, ukupholisa umhlaba wonke kunzima kakhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo kuleli zwekazi, kwaphoqeleka iningi lezitshalo ukuthi lihambele enyakatho kuya ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Sekuyisikhathi eside impendulo yombuzo othi "yiziphi izitshalo ezise-Antarctica" kwakuyi-enumeration: ama-mosses, amabhaktheriya, ama-lichens, isikhunta, i-algae zasendle kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezitshalo eziphakeme ezivela ezinotshini. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1829, emva kweminyaka eyishumi emva kokutholakala kwe-Antarctic, umhlaba wonke wamangala yizindaba zokuthi imbali yokuqala yafunyanwa eziqhingini zaseSouth Shetland. Yiqiniso, i-halo yokusabalalisa ifomu eliphakeme kunazo zonke zezitshalo lilinganiselwe kuma-degree angu-64 eningizimu nge-latitude ye-Peninsula yase-Antarctica.

Njalo ngonyaka ulwazi olusha mayelana ne-flora yalesi sizwe esinzima luvula. Ososayensi bamangaze umhlaba ngokubika kwezitshalo ezintsha ezitholakala lapha. Futhi namhlanje umbuzo othi "izitshalo ezikhula e-Antarctica" akulula ukuphendula njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, lapho ososayensi bengenzi umsebenzi owenziwa ngocwaningo lapha.

Ama-algae amanzi ahlanzekile eSouth Pole

I-Antarctica - leli zwe elimangalisayo - limelelwa yi -algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Bathi, kanye nama-bacteria kanye nezihlahla, zimboza phansi emzimbeni wamanzi ahlanzekile. Lezi zitshalo ze-Antarctica zakha uqweqwe olunamanzi oluthile.

I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - enye yezitshalo endala kunazo zonke. Phela, izinsalela zabo ezitholakalayo zitholakala ezindaweni ezenziwe ngamaminerali eziswe "emhlabeni omkhulu" ososayensi. Ehlobo, ama-algae ahlanzekile ahlanganisa yonke indawo yamanzi. Baye bajwayela ukuxazulula ngisho naseqhweni, bencibilikiswe elangeni. I-algae ebomvu, ephuzi neyoluhlaza nge-cluster ifomu elimhlophe, lapho amabala avela ngenhla afana nephalethi yomculi.

Isenzakalo esimangalisayo semvelo - iqhwa elibomvu - livele nje ngenxa ye- algae ebomvu encane . Yiziphepho zabo ezinamandla zomoya eziqhekekile ezivela phezulu, ziphakanyiswe emoyeni, zixubene nezinhlamvu zeqhwa, futhi ziphinde zaphonswa phansi, zidala ukukhohlakala kweqhwa elibomvu.

Ngokusho kososayensi, izinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa zezilwane zihlala lapha. Okuningi zazo ziyi-diatoms.

Ulwandle lwase-Antarctica

Futhi olwandle lwase-Antarctic, ungathola ama-giant algae kusuka kumamitha ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu kuya kwamakhulu amathathu, okuthiwa ama-maktotsitas. Igama lalezi zitshalo lizikhulumela ngokwalo, ngoba ngegama leli gama lizwakala sengathi "iseli elikhulu". Futhi eqinisweni, ubukhulu bama cell macrocycathic bukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli wezinye izitshalo.

Izilwandle zase-Antarctic zinabantu abaningi kakhulu ngalezi zitshalo ezimangalisayo. Amakoloni awo akha amahlathi angempela angaphansi kwamanzi!

Bamba e-Antarctica

Ngokubanzi kakhulu emva kokulondeka, i-Antarctica imelelwe yizinkumbi - kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingamakhulu amathathu. I-Lichens iyingxenye yezitshalo zekilasi elingaphansi, elimele i-symbiosis ye-fungi kanye ne-algae. Ezinye izinhlobo zalolu phiko lwe-Antarctic ye-flora zingaziqhayisa ngokuhamba kwazo okude kunabo bonke - zivele zingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ubudala. E-Antarctic zone lichens ikwazi ukukhula phakathi kwamadwala. Futhi, ngokubamba imisebe engavamile yelanga, benza i-photosynthesis lapha.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokubala umbala ziyabamba. Lapha bahlangana nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuphuzi, okwesibhakabhaka-grey futhi ... ngokuphelele kumnyama! Mhlawumbe, kaningi lapha ungathola ama-lichen nge-pigment emnyama - into engavamile emhlabeni. Lokhu kungesizathu esilula ukuthi lo mbala usiza isitshalo ukuthi sithathe inani eliphakeme lokukhanya kwelanga nokushisa okungavamile eSouth Pole.

I-Lichens iye yavumelanisa nemimoya yamandla amakhulu, egcwele lapha. Ngakho-ke, banamathele emadwaleni abakhula kuwo, benza ama-crusts aminyene. Ukutshala noma ukutshala izitshalo kungaba kuphela ngommese. Babizwa ngokuthi "i-scum lichens".

Kukhona ama-lichens anamaqabunga lapha, okwenza ngisho nokubonakala kwangaphandle kwezimbali, ama-bushy akhula njengamahlathi amancane. Futhi abanye bakhethele bona futhi nhlobo indawo yokudala yokulungisa - ubuso bendawo.

I-Lichens ikhula ngesimo sezulu sase-Antarctic isikhathi eside, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa kwabo lapha kucindezelwa ukushisa okuphansi nemimoya eqinile. Akekho kuwo wonke ama-rock kanye ne-glacial encane. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuthola izitshalo emadwaleni amakhulu akhishwe eqhweni. Leli qiniso livumela abacwaningi ukuba bafunde umlando we-Antarctica glaciation.

Imisundu ye-Antarctic

Endaweni yesithathu, ngokusho kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, kunezinhlanga. Ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa, futhi ngokusho kweminye imithombo, izinhlobo ezingu-80 ezihlukahlukene zalezi zitshalo ezitshala izimbande zomhlaba wonke. Eziqhingini ezingenaqhwa, ama-mosses akha ama-peat bogs.

Ngaphandle kokujwayelekile e-Antarctica, kunezinkinga zesibindi. Izinhlobo zazo ezingamashumi amathathu ziyaziwa. Iningi lalaba bantu liyingxenye yezitshalo eziphilayo, ngoba i-Antarctica iyizwekazi eliye lahlukaniswa amakhulu eminyaka emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Sarconeurum glaciale, i-Schistidium antarctici ne-Grimmia antarctici.

Imisipha kanye nama-lichen ziye zashintsha kakhulu isimo sezulu sase-Antarctic esinamandla, emimoyeni enamandla kunazo zonke nasezingeni eliphansi lokushisa eliphila ngisho nasemithambekeni emifula evulekile emoyeni.

Kodwa-ke, iningi lalabo abahlala behlala emhlabathini kancane kancane "bathuthela" emachibini - amachibi, lapho imvelo yokuhlala yabo ihle kakhulu.

UFern

Isitshalo esinjalo esithakazelisayo, njenge-fern, singatholakala eNingizimu Pole. Ngomunye weminyaka endala kunazo zonke ezitshalweni zomhlaba. Lesi sitshalo asiqhakazi, ngakho asidingi impova, ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo wase-Antarctica. Ngaphandle kokunikeza imbewu, i-fern ikhiqizwa yi-spores, njengefungi. Imimoya enamandla ehlala e-Antarctica, isakaze impova yazo, isakaze isitshalo.

Izimbali ezihlala e-Antarctic

Uma umbuzo wokuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezihlala e-Antarctica, othile uzophendula ukuthi izimbali, zingase zihlekwe. Noma kunjalo, uzobe eqinisile. Cishe izitshalo zezimbali eziphansi ezinamaphesenti ayishumi zingatholakala lapha.

Isibonelo, eziningi zezimbali zezitshalo ze-Antarctica ziyaziwa njengabantu abaningi, njenge-pike ne-kolobantus ye-whale, okwenza indawo encane ye-meadow nezindawo zabo zokuhlala.

I-Antarctic poke

Lesi sitshalo se-herbaceous sinezinye igama - inhlanzi yase-Antarctic. Ukhuluma emndenini wezitshalo, noma i-bluegrass. Ukukhula emithambekeni yezintaba nasezindaweni ezinomhlabathi omile, lesi sitshalo sifinyelela ku-20 cm ubude. Ukuphikelela kwakhe nokuthanda ukuphila kungaba nomona: akuzona zonke izitshalo ezikwazi ukulwa neziqhwa ezinzima phakathi nezimbali, ezithinteka kalula yi-pike. Isikhathi semifino esifushane kanye nokujwayela kwemvelo ngendlela emangalisayo kungavumela ukuba sisinde ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu eningizimu ye-polar.

I-quixote whale

I-Kolobant-leafed-leafed noma i-bryozo - nalokhu kubizwa ngokuthi le mbali - ingowomndeni we-clove, inezimbali ezimhlophe ezingathandeki namaqabunga aluhlaza obuhlaza. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo somuntu omdala kuncane - kusuka kwesinye nesigamu kuya kumamitha amahlanu. I-Anttenctic ye-Antarctic ibizwa ngokuthi lesi sitshalo futhi ngoba isimanga sinokufana nomsila futhi sinomumo ofana nomsila.

Imifino yase-Antarctica - ukudla kokuphila okuphilayo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imifula ye-Arctic ihluphekile kangakanani, kodwa lapha kukhona imibukiso emnandi. I-Antarctica, njengezinye izindawo, ngokuvamile kuvame ukudla okuphilayo. Isibonelo, iklabishi yeKerguelen, yezitshalo zezimbali, esetshenziselwa imifino edlayo. Ochwepheshe bathi iklabishi ayinambitheka kuphela futhi inomsoco, kepha i-vithamini ecebile kakhulu. Okungenani, njengekhambi eliphumelelayo le-scurvy, usevele efakazele yena.

Isitshalo esiluhlaza se-genus of bluegrasses enegama elithakazelisayo elithi "tuesok" lingasetshenziswa njengesilwane sezimvu. Ngokuvamile lesi sitshalo sitholakala eziqhingini eziseduze ne-Antarctica.

Izitshalo ze-herbaceous ze- Antarctica, izithombe zazo ezimelelwe lapha, zimangele ngokuphelelwa amandla, ukuphazamiseka, ukungabi nambala. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba impova yezimbali yenziwa yomoya, hhayi ngezinambuzane, izimbali ezikhanyayo zokuheha izinyosi, izimvemvane, ama-bumblebees njalonjalo azidingekile - futhi imvelo izinike ukuphumula.

Shintsha e-Antarctica

Mayelana nokucwaninga kwalesi sigaba esikude seplanethi namuhla, kuvezwe iqiniso elithakazelisayo, njengokubonakala kwezitshalo ezingakaze zikhule. Ososayensi bavame ukukholelwa ukuthi iningi lalabo lalethwa ezweni elincane ngezicathulo noma izikhwama zabacwaningi.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho, ngaphambi kwe-snap ebandayo, lapha kwakhula izitshalo eziningi ezingenakukwazi ukuma kwesimo sezulu esinzima. Kodwa mayelana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kungenzeka ukuthi imbewu ngokulondolozwa ngokuyisimangaliso ivuke ekuphileni. Nakuba amacala anjalo ahlala kude kakhulu.