Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, abantu babone ukuthi noma yikuphi into emhlabeni equkethe izinhlayiyana ezincane. Kwadlula isikhathi futhi ososayensi bafakazela ukuthi lezi zinhlayiyana zikhona. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. Ama-athomu avamile akakwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukana futhi ahlanganiswe ndawonye. La maqembu abizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule. Igama elithi "i-molecule" livela egameni lesiLatini elithi moles, elisho ukuvuthwa kwemvelo, inhlama, isisindo esikhulu nesinciphisa. Ngaphambilini, esikhundleni saleli gama lisetshenziswe igama elithi "corpuscle", ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi "umzimba omncane." Ukuze uthole ukuthi i-molecule iyini, ake sibheke izichazamazwi ezichazayo. Isichazamazwi sika-Ushakov sithi yi-particle encane kakhulu engaba khona ngokuzimela futhi inayo yonke impahla yezinto ezihlobene nayo. Ama-molecule nama-athomu asizungezile yonke indawo, futhi nakuba zingenakuzwa, konke okubonayo kuyi-accumulation enkulu.
Isibonelo ngamanzi
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuchaza ukuthi i-molecule iyini, ungasebenzisa ingilazi ngamanzi. Uma uchithela isigamu saso, ukunambitheka, umbala nokubunjwa kwamanzi asele ngeke kushintshe. Kungaba okumangalisayo ukulindela okunye okunye. Uma uthele uhhafu futhi, inani lizokwehla, kodwa izakhiwo zizophinde zihlale zifanayo. Njengoba siqhubeka ngomoya ofanayo, ekugcineni sithola i-droplet encane. Ingahle ihlukaniswe i-pipette, kodwa le nqubo ngeke iqhubeke ngokungapheli. Ekuhlaziyweni kokugcina, inhlayiya encane kunazo zonke izotholakala, okusala kuyo ngeke kuhlukaniswe ngamanzi. Ukuze ucabange ukuthi i-molecule iyini nokuthi iyingcosana kangakanani, zama ukuqagela ukuthi amangaki amangqamuzana asemanzini amancane. Ucabangani? Billion? Izigidi eziyikhulu? Eqinisweni, kunama-sextillons angamakhulu ayishumi lapho. Yinombolo enezinhlamvu ezingamashumi amabili nantathu ngemuva kweyunithi. Leli nani kunzima ukucabanga, ngakho-ke ake sisebenzise ukuqhathanisa: ubukhulu bomklamo owodwa wamanzi buncane kune-apple enkulu izikhathi eziningi njengoba i-apula ngokwayo encane kunomhlaba . Ngakho-ke, akukwazi ukubonwa ngisho nakwi-microscope enamandla kunazo zonke.
Ukwakhiwa kwama-molecule nama-athomu
Njengoba sesiyazi kakade, zonke izinhlayiyana ezincane zihlanganisa ama-athomu. Ngokuya ngenani labo, ama-athi aphakathi nendawo yezibopho, isimo se-geometric se-molecule singahluka. Isibonelo, i-DNA yomuntu isontekile ngendlela yokuvunguza, kanti inhlayiyana encane kunazo zonke ezibhebhethekile usawoti ifana ne- crystal lattice. Uma imvukuzane ngandlela-thile isusa ama-athomu amaningana, ukubhujiswa kwalo kuzokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi samuva ngeke sihambe noma yikuphi, kodwa sizoba yingxenye ye-microparticle.
Ngemuva kokuthi sithole ukuthi i-molecule iyini, ake siqhubeke ne-athomu. Isakhiwo saso sifana kakhulu nesistimu yeplanethi: phakathi nendawo i-nucleus ne ne-neutron nama-proton aphikisayo, futhi azungeze ama-orbit, ama-electron ajikeleza. Ngokuvamile, i-athomu ayihambisani ne-electrical. Ngamanye amazwi, inani lama-electron lilingana nenani lama-proton.
Sithemba ukuthi isihloko sethu siye sabonakala siwusizo, futhi manje awusenayo imibuzo mayelana nokuthi i-molecule ne-athomu ziphi, ukuthi zihlelwe kanjani nokuthi zihluke kanjani.