Umndeni okusanhlamvu: izici sici izithelo, abameleli

Kuze kube manje, bangaphezu kuka-350,000 zezitshalo. Kulaba ama-akhawunti Monocotyledones ekilasini cishe 60,000 zinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sigaba kuhlanganisa emibili obanzi kunayo ensimini kwendawo futhi ukubaluleka kwezomnotho lomkhaya:

• Lily.
• umndeni okusanhlamvu noma bluegrass.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nomndeni okusanhlamvu.

taxonomy machineries

Indawo organic isimiso sezwe alo mndeni athatha okulandelayo:

- Kingdom of Plants.

- Subkingdom ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

- Class of Monocotyledons.

- Umndeni okusanhlamvu.

Wonke amalungu alo mkhaya ehlangana 900 ezizalwa. Inombolo ephelele abameleli mayelana 11.000 zinhlobo. Plants of the Gramineae umndeni kwenzeke kokubili Grassland namasiko kokuba ongowenani elikhulu wezolimo.

Imibandela zokukhula nokusatshalaliswa

Okusanhlamvu umndeni ithatha engokwemvelo sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu ngenxa unpretentiousness yayo, umswakama kanye nesomiso (akuzona zonke izinhlobo zayo). Ngakho-ke, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi ezimboza cishe lonke izwe ngaphandle Antarctica ezindaweni ice-embozwe.

Inikeza ilungelo ukuqonda ukuthi izitshalo we Gramineae umndeni kuyinto linesizotha kakhulu izimo ezikhulayo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, abameleli edlelweni utshani (uThimothewu, bluegrass, i-bluegrass, engadini yezithelo, umlilo, njll) buthule ukubekezelela izimo ezingezinhle ebusika kanye nokushisa kwehlobo.

Etshalwayo isitshalo efanayo (rye, i-oats, ukolweni, ilayisi) Nokho kakade ukuba bazikhandle kakhudlwana, futhi bayakwazi ukuzwa kahle esikhulu amplitude nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa emoyeni.

Ukuze kwelanga ziyafana hlangothi, cishe yonke abameleli ebandakanya umndeni okusanhlamvu. Abamele zotshani, emaqeleni, pampas, savannah - ejwayele yonya izitshalo nezinhlobo ezifuywayo babhekana ukunakekelwa njalo futhi ukwelashwa evela endodeni, kanjalo Futhi bazizwa bekhululeke ngezikhathi ukukhanya ongaphakeme.

izici Jikelele umndeni

Okusanhlamvu mkhaya kokubili izitshalo yonyaka kanye biennial futhi zisetshenziswa ngokuvamile. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga avame ukuba ezifanayo, njengoba efanayo isakhiwo stem kanye namahlamvu. Isiqu futhi inezici yayo alifani neziqu nezinye izitshalo - alinalutho ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kuyinto tube ozwakala, ngokuthi culms.

Inani elikhulu abameleli lomkhaya lachaza ukubaluleka icebo labo kwezomnotho: izitshalo ezithile ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo ifolishi, abanye ukuze kusebenziswe futhi wokusanhlamvu isitashi, futhi abanye iprotheni, bese kuthi owesine phezu zokuhlobisa.

izici morphological

Bangaphandle (morphological) izimpawu okusanhlamvu umndeni lingachazwa ngumuntu amaphuzu ambalwa.

1. Isiqu culm (ngaphandle ummbila nomhlanga), ngaphakathi eziyize.
2. waveza kahle internodes esiqwini.
3. Abanye abameleli stem ekuphileni odrevesnevaet (bamboo).
4. Ihamba elula, sessile, nge emomozini evelele, esehlanganise stem.
5. ifomu Ishidi side venation ngokulinganisa.
6. Indawo ishidi amapuleti olandelayo.
7. Uhlelo impande uhlobo lunemicu amahlumela ngezinye izikhathi rhizomes komhlaba zishintshe.

Lezi zimpawu babe wonke amalungu obumba umndeni okusanhlamvu.

ifomula ezimibalabala

Izitshalo eziqhakazayo alo mkhaya kuyinto ngempela zingezona ezibonakalayo, abathambekele ukuzithiba impova noma cross-impova. Ngakho-ke, ukwakha izimbali omkhulu egqamile futhi elimnandi akunandaba mqondo. izimbali zabo ezincane, ukuphaphatheka, ngempela ukucasha. Zibuthe inflorescences zezinhlobo ezahlukene:

• kwakwakhe spike (kakolweni);
• uJakobe (ummbila);
• panicle (uphaphe).

Izimbali zonke efanayo, Ifomula imbali umndeni Gramineae is kanje: + TSCH2 PL2 + T3 + P1. Lapho CN - izikali ezimibalabala, PL - amafilimu T - stamens, P - the pistil.

machineries Formula imbali umndeni inikeza umqondo ocacile homeliness yalezi izitshalo ngesikhathi izimbali, okusho ukusetshenziswa ngezinjongo zokuhlobisa akuzona izimbali, futhi amaqabunga neziqu.

isithelo

Ngemva zom kwakhiwa amaprotheni-ocebile futhi isitashi izithelo. Kuyafana wonke abameleli, amalungu omkhaya okusanhlamvu. Isithelo okuthiwa i-Weevil. Ngempela, abantu abaningi kude biology, igama elithi "okusanhlamvu" ukwazi uqobo, futhi lihlotshaniswa okusanhlamvu izitshalo, ngokuthi okusanhlamvu.

Nokho, hhayi kuphela izitshalo kutshalwa Okusanhlamvu umndeni ube izithelo, kodwa futhi the meadow. Okusanhlamvu ezinothe ngamavithamini, gluten, amaprotheni, isitashi.

abameleli machineries

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, konke, zikhona mayelana 11,000 izitshalo, ukwakha umkhaya okusanhlamvu. nababamele atholakala phakathi zezimila zasendle umusa.

abameleli Wild:

• uThimothewu;
• urchin;
• umlilo;
• feather;
• wheatgrass;
• bamboo;
• wheatgrass;
• fescue;
• oats zasendle;
• foxtail nabanye.

abameleli Iningi machineries zasendle - kuba abakhileyo emaqeleni, izimfunda, amahlathi kanye amathafa.

izitshalo kutshalwa ezakha umndeni okusanhlamvu, izithelo ifomu yabo ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezihluke kwemvelo. Yingakho, ukuze uthole ehloniphekile quality okusanhlamvu, abaningi abamele machineries yaphenduka ekhaya isiko, okuyinto eyenziwa ukunakekelwa efanele. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• irayisi;
• rye;
• kakolweni;
• umoba;
• oats;
• amabele;
• ibhali;
• amabele;
• corn kanye nabanye.

izitshalo kutshalwa kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho ngoba ukudla kulo lonke leli zwe.

unyaka

Ukuze izitshalo yonyaka yilezo ukudlula umjikelezo wokuphila wonke kwelinye yokukhula. Lokho zonke izinqubo zokuphila eziyisisekelo - ukukhula, izimbali, imifanekiso, futhi ukufa - zibekwa ngendlela isizini eyodwa.

Ukuze uthole isitshalo yonyaka eyodwa umndeni Gramineae ucaphune nzima. Empeleni kukhona impela eningi. Cabangela ezimbalwa ezivamile futhi zinenzuzo kwezohwebo.

1. Amabele. Lesi sitshalo we Sorghum bohlobo kuyinto wokudla kwezitshalo par rye, ukolweni nokunye.
2. Durra noma Dzhugarra. Futhi isitshalo ifolishi kokuba ukusabalala esikhulu kunazo zonke izingxenye eziseningizimu ye-Earth. Aint kuphela esetshenziswa njengoba isitshalo wokudla, kodwa njengoba hay silage for kokudla kwezilwane.
3. Koster. isitshalo Yande we Gramineae umndeni, okuyinto evame wamukele futhi uthathwa njengoba ukhula. Sikhula nganoma iyiphi inhlabathi, undemanding ukufudumeza kanye umswakama, ungenza isikhathi eside ngaphandle elangeni. Isetshenziselwa kuphela lokudla isilwane, izinzuzo zayo zomnotho azinandaba.
4. Ummbila. Omunye ezivamile izitshalo yezolimo emazweni amaningi. Kusukela uwoyela ummbila, ufulawa, okusanhlamvu etholwe ngokwabo esetshenzisiwe ngqo abilisiwe.
5. Foxtail. Herbaceous isitshalo okuqondene kokubili yonyaka kanye namafomu zisetshenziswa. The main value - kumiswa ikhava utshani izimfunda (izikhukhula). Isetshenziselwa izindlela eziqondile zokupha izilwane.
6. Ngenxa yokwethuka. izitshalo yezolimo South yonyaka etshalwa hhayi kuphela kokudla kwezilwane, kodwa futhi njengendlela ukudla isitshalo ukuze athole okusanhlamvu. Thermophilic futhi photophilous ayibi ensimini ka-Russia.
7. Bluegrass. Kukhona Kunezinhlobo eziningi lolu uhlobo lwe, kodwa enkangala noma edlelweni zonke utshani, ezinenani commercial njengamafidi imfuyo.
8. Millet. Kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo eRussia zinhlobo 6 kuphela, ezinye zazo isetshenziselwa zokuhlobisa. Ingxenye yesibili isetshenziswa likhiqize okusanhlamvu okunomsoco kokudla kwezilwane.

Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi

Izitshalo eziningi kukhona umndeni zisetshenziswa. Okungukuthi, abo umjikelezo wokuphila yakhiwa zonyaka eziningana (zonyaka ezikhulayo). Bayakwazi ukusinda kwezimo ezingezinhle lezinkathi ebusika ngaphandle kokulahleka ukusebenza. Abaningi babo bakha umndeni okusanhlamvu. Izimpawu lezi zitshalo libanzi kakhulu. Cabangela ezinye, abaluleke kakhulu ngokuya abameleli kwezomnotho.

1. Ukolweni. Okuvame kakhulu zindawo ezazihlala ama-isivuno emhlabeni, okuyinto zenani yayo okunomsoco okusanhlamvu izinto.
2. Wheatgrass. Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi njengoba ukhula eziyingozi. Nokho, lokhu akukhona inani layo kuphela. Lesi simila kuyinto eyigugu umthombo ukudla okunomsoco isilwane.
3. Fig. kwezitshalo ebaluleke kakhulu, ukolweni akuyona eliphansi in ukubaluleka kanye umsoco okusanhlamvu. It is kutshalwa ezingxenyeni Eastern zomhlaba.
4. Rye. Omunye cereal ethandwa kakhulu ngemva kakolweni nelayisi. Inani elikhulu lezi zitshalo etshalwa eRussia. Umsoco okusanhlamvu ezingeni eliphezulu.
5. Umoba. kudabuka kwakhe - India, Brazil Cuba. The main umsoco lokhu isiko - lokhu ukukhiqizwa ushukela.

izitshalo machineries

Ukuze isivuno izitshalo yezolimo lokhu zomkhaya zihlanganisa, ngaphezu okungenhla, amabele ngaphezulu. Lesi sitshalo has zonke izici Cereal umkhaya, futhi anazo okusanhlamvu. Ezweni lethu, amabele Simila hhayi ngoba izitshalo kakhulu ukushisa-onothando. Nokho, amazwe ase-Afrika, e-Australia, eNingizimu Melika kuyinto ukudla kwezitshalo eziwusizo kakhulu.

Grain amabele nepepper ku ufulawa stem namaqabunga hamba ukondla imfuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela amaqabunga neziqu nempahla yasendlini, sifake a elingaphakathi enhle.

Ibhali kungabuye chasiselwe abalulekile s / izitshalo. Lesi simila akudingi imibandela ekhethekile ukukhula, ngakho kutshalwa kalula emazweni amaningi. Inani oyinhloko okusanhlamvu ingena uthuthuva, ethola iparele nebhali groats ibhali, futhi isetshenziswa izindlela eziqondile zokupha izilwane.

Futhi infusions ibhali ibalulekile imithi yesintu (kusho kusuka isibindi pheshana emathunjini).

Umsoco okusanhlamvu

Kungani it hlamvu libaluleke kangaka nokuthi kusebenza kabanzi abameleli akha umndeni okusanhlamvu? Isici isakhiwo okusanhlamvu kusiza ukuqonda ke.

Okokuqala, wonke okusanhlamvu cereal aqukethe amaprotheni, nje inani nabameleli bayo amabanga ehlukene. Okuqukethwe eliphakeme wamaprotheni gluten kakolweni izinhlobo zibhekwa.

Okwesibili, okusanhlamvu aqukethe isitashi, futhi kungakho ube nenani elanele yokudla okunempilo kanye bayakwazi ukwakha ufulawa.

Okwesithathu, isiko elinjalo, ezifana irayisi, iqukethe eziningi amavithamini bezinhlanga ezahlukene, okwenza kube wusizo kakhulu.

Kusobala ukuthi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele okusanhlamvu uyabanikeza umzimba nge iqoqo zonke zosuku ejenti. Yingakho nje ithandwa kangaka emhlabeni wonke.