Isihlahla somshokolethi: isithombe nencazelo. Uphi umkhiqizo we-chocolate?

Izwe lomkhiqizo we-chocolate libhekwa njengezwe laseMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Manje i-cocoa yasendle (umuthi we-chocolate), engowomndeni kaSterkuliev, ayitholakali. Lesi sitshalo sesiye sahlala ekhaya kusukela ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwamazwe aseNingizimu Melika ngabaSpanish. Utshalwa emasimini.

I-Theobroma igama lesiGreki lasendulo lesihlahla, okusho "ukudla kwawonkulunkulu". Kuyiqiniso ngempela igama layo. Izithako ezitholakalayo ezivela kubhontshisi we-cocoa zinomusa ovela kuNkulunkulu. I-chocolate, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphuzo esishisayo, itayili eqinile, i-candy, i-pasta noma ukhilimu, ibangela intshiseko yansuku zonke kuwo wonke umuntu.

Indawo yokukhula kwe-cocoa

Ezindaweni lapho umuthi ushokoledi ukhula khona, izimo ezikhethekile zemvelo nezesimo sezulu zikhona. Ihlalwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo eziseMelika, e-Afrika nase-Oceania. Amazwe ase-Afrika yibo abahlinzeka ngokuyinhloko kubhontshisi beCocoa. Banikela ku-70% walo mkhiqizo emakethe yomhlaba.

Umhlinzeki omkhulu kunayo yonke iGhana. Enhloko-dolobha yaleli zwe - i-Accra - yakha imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yase-Afrika, lapho kubhoniswa khona ama-cocoa ubhontshisi. Ukuvuna ubhontshisi we-chocolate kwi- Ivory Coast (eCôte d'Ivoire) kufinyelela ku-30% weqhaza eliphelele elikhiqizwa emhlabeni. I-Indonesia nayo ibhekwa njengomdlali omkhulu wemakethe.

Izithelo eziningi ziqoqiwe ezihlahleni ze-chocolate eziqhingini zaseBali, lapho inhlanganisela yentaba yezulu kanye nenhlabathi evundile yemifucumfucu ifaneleka ekukhuleni kwe-cocoa. Izinhlamvu ze-cocoa zivela eNigeria, eBrazil, eCameroon, e-Ecuador, eDominican Republic, eMalaysia naseColombia.

Izimo zokukhula kweCocoa

Kunzima ukuthola isihlahla esingcono kakhulu kune-cocoa. Kudinga izimo ezikhethekile zokuphila. Thuthukisa futhi uthwale izithelo ezithakazelisayo ze-sissy - umuthi we-chocolate - ukwazi kuphela amahlathi amaningi asezindaweni ezishisayo. Lesi sitshalo sisezingeni eliphansi lehlathi. Lapho, lapho umthunzi kanye namanzi kungadluli khona, futhi umbuso wokushisa ugcina amamaki kusuka ku- +24 kuya +28 ⁰ С.

Uthanda izindawo ezinamaqabunga ahlalayo, aphefumulayo, aphephile, lapho imvula ithululela khona imvula engapheli futhi ayikho imimoya. Izimo ezinjalo zokukhula zingenza kuphela i-canopy eyakhiwe emahlathini asezindaweni eziningi zemvula.

Isibonelo, emgodini we-Amazon lapho sekuqala isikhathi semvula, lapho ama-tributaries omfula, ephuma emabhange, aphendukele eziqhingini zibe ngamachibi angenamkhawulo ngamamitha ajulile, yonke imithi yekholethi igcina cishe amasonto emanzini. Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izitshalo aziboli, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, qhubeka uthuthuka.

Ukukhula komuthi we-chocolate emasimini

Umuthi we-chocolate ongawusizo udinga umbuso wokushisa. Akunakwenzeka nhlobo ukuthuthukiswa uma izinga lokushisa lingekho ngaphezu kwe-21 ^° C. Ukushisa okunamandla okukhula kwayo kungama-40 ^° C. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyingozi ukukhanya kwelanga.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okujwayelekile kwezihlahla, batshalwe ezindaweni zokuxuba. I-cocoa ihle kakhulu phakathi kwama-avocados, ubhanana, ama-mango, ama-coconut kanye nemithi yerabha. Izihlahla ezinomusa, ezivezwe kalula ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, zidinga ukunakekelwa njalo nokunakekelwa okuphelele. Ukuvuna kusuka kubo kususwa ngesandla kuphela.

Incazelo ye-chocolate tree

Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuphakama kwezihlahla ezivuthiwe eziqhakazile kungamamitha ayi-6. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izibonelo akudingeki zikhule zibe ngu-9 noma ngisho namamitha angu-15. Iziqu zezitshalo (kuze kube ngu-30 cm ngokubhinca ngezinkuni eziphuzi) zimbozwa amagxolo anobundu futhi zihlotshwe ngamakhanda amancane, ama-branched amancane.

Imithi ekwazi ukuhlala emthunzini we-plantings, egcwele imvula, ibe namaqabunga ama-giant oblong-elliptical. Ubukhulu beqabunga elincani, eliphelele, elivamile, elivuthiwe, elihlezi njalo, elihlezi emaphepheni amancane, lifana nobukhulu bekhasi lephephandaba. Ubude bawo buyi-40 cm, nobubanzi buyi-15 cm.

Ngenxa yamaqabunga amakhulu, umuthi ushokoledi uthatha iziqu zokukhanya, ngokungafihli ekutshaleni kwemvelo kwezitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngoba ukukhula kwamahlamvu amakhulu akufaneki ukukhanya kancane kancane (amaqabunga awaqothuli ngokulandelana). Kubonakala ngokunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa. Lokho kushiya igama lifakwe amaviki amasonto ambalwa ngisho nezinyanga futhi lingakhuli nhlobo, khona-ke kungazelelwe kukhona ukuqhuma okungavamile ekuthuthukiseni kwazo - izingcezu eziningana zivame ukukhula.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Fruiting kubonakala unyaka wonke. Izimbali zokuqala kanye nokubunjwa kwezithelo zibhekwa eminyakeni engama-5-6 yokuphila kwezitshalo. Inkathi ye-fruiting ihlala kubo iminyaka engama-30-80. Izithelo umuthi ushokoledi kabili ngonyaka. Izitshalo eziningi zikhiqiza emva kweminyaka engu-12 yokuphila.

Ama-bunches, ayenziwe ngezimbali ezincane ezibomvu, agxila emagqumeni ahlanganisa iziqu namagatsha amakhulu. Ukupholisa ama-inflorescences anika iphunga elimnandi, i-middlewash. Izithelo ezimnyama neziphuzi, ezifana nokubunjwa kwe-melb ribbed elincane, elenga iziqu. Ubuso babo bunqunywa yimisundu eyishumi.

Imbewu ye-chocolate tree

Badinga izinyanga ezingu-4 ukuvuthwa. Ngenxa yokuvuthwa okunjalo kwesithelo, izihlahla zihlala zigcwele izimbali nezithelo. Ngezicucu ezingu-30 cm, ububanzi buka-5-20 cm ubukhulu obungama-200-600 g, ama-30-50 ama-cocoa ubhontshisi. Amabhontshisi aqiniswe ngendwangu ebomvu yesikhumba esinamahloni aphuzi, abomvu noma a-orange. Ubude bembewu ngayinye e-almonds buyi-2-2.5 cm, nobubanzi buyi-1.5 cm.

Imigqa ende yesikhontshisi yamabhontshisi izungezwe inyama enomnandi yamanzi, ehlonishwa njengento epholile yi-squirrels nezinkanyana. Bawuthisa umthambo wamanzi, baphonsa okubalulekile kubantu - ubhontshisi asetshenziswa njengezinto eziwusizo zokukhiqiza i-cocoa nele tshokolethi.

Ukuqoqwa kwezithelo ze-cocoa

Njengoba umuthi ushokoledi uphakeme kakhulu, akusiyo kuphela amacethe asetshenziselwa ukukhetha izithelo, kodwa futhi nemimese ehlanganiswe nezibonda eside. Izithelo ezinqunywe zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezingu-2-4. Ubhontshisi obukhishwe ku-pulp ngesandla, usakazeka ukuze usome emaqabungeni ebhanana, ama-pallet noma emabhokisini avaliwe.

Uma ukomisa imbewu elangeni, i-cocoa iphenduka ukunambitheka okubabayo okumnandi ngamanothi e-tart, okungenani ayigugu. Ngakho-ke, okukhethwa kukho kunikelwa ekumekeni okuvaliwe kwamabhontshisi. Isikhathi sokuvuthwa sithatha ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezingu-9. Phakathi nenqubo yokomisa, inani lembewu linciphisa.

Ukucubungula imbewu

Amahansi wezinyosi ezinamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anenambitha yamafutha futhi iphunga elimnandi. Imbewu, ihlelwe, ihlutshiwe, ithosiwe futhi ilahlwe ngamagobolondo ekhanda, ichotshoziwe futhi ihlanganiswe ngesihlungo, ithole ikhodi ye-cocoa yekhwalithi.

Amagobolondo wamasaka asetshenziselwa umanyolo, futhi i-powder idinga ukucubungula noma yimuphi umkhiqizo we-chocolate. Umuthi we- chocolate , noma kunalokho izinto zawo eziwusizo, ezitholakala emzalweni - kuyisizathu esihle kakhulu sezidlo ezidliwayo eziningi.

Kusuka emhlabathini othosiwe, umhlabathi ube yisisindo esikhulu, ngokupholisa, ushokoledi obabayo utholakele. Ukwandisa umxube ophumela ngoshukela, i-vanilla, ubisi oluyimpuphu nezinye izithasiselo, thola ushokoledi ohlukile.

Kusukela ku-fried izithelo, ezibhekene nokucindezela, ibhotela ibhotela itholakala. I-crumb encane emva kokucindezela isuke ibe yi-cocoa powder. Ngakho, imikhiqizo emibili eyigugu inikeza isintu umuthi we-chocolate. I-factory confectionary isebenzisa kokubili i-powder namafutha, ikhulula zonke izinhlobo ze-chocolate. Amafutha, ngaphezu kwalokho, asetshenziselwa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amafutha nezimonyo kanye nama-pharmacy agents.

Izinzuzo zeCocoa

I-cocoa ayiyona nje isiphuzo esiphundu, sinemithi yokwelapha. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kusekelwe kuma-protein, i-fiber, i-gomme, i-alkaloids, i-theobromine, i-fat, isitashi kanye nombala wemibala. Ngenxa ye-theobromine, ene-tonic effect, i-cocoa ithola uhlelo lokusebenza emithi. Iphelisa ngempumelelo izifo zomphimbo namaphaphu.

Amalungiselelo okudla kanye nama-pharmacy okuvela amandla okuvuselela i-cocoa futhi avuselele. Zijwayelekile ukwenza umsebenzi wenhliziyo. Zisetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni i-infarction ye-myocardial, isifo somdlavuza nomdlavuza. Amafutha e-Cacao aphiliswa ngama-hemorrhoids.