Ulwelwesi - Iyini? ulwelwesi eziphilayo: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Imvelo adala eziningi kumaseli, kodwa naphezu kwale mizamo, iningi Isakhiwo nemisebenzi ulwelwesi begazi ziyafana, evumela ukuba ucabangele isakhiwo zabo futhi batadishe izakhiwo zabo ukhiye ngaphandle okunamathiselwe ku uhlobo oluthile cell.

Kuyini ulwelwesi?

Ulwelwesi - isici zokuzivikela, okuyinto ebalulekile kwamaseli zonke umzimba ophilayo.

iyunithi wezakhiwo futhi functional sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kuyinto cell. imisebenzi ebalulekile ke awunakuhlukaniswa exhunywe ne imvelo, ngalo kushintshe amandla nolwazi, impahla. Ngakho, amandla yokudla okunempilo edingekayo ukusebenza amaseli, livela ngaphandle ichithwa ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yayo ehlukahlukene.

Isakhiwo isakhiwo iyunithi elula we eziphilayo: ulwelwesi kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, organelles, ezihlukahlukene inclusions. Lizungezwe ulwelwesi, esemgwaqweni ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus futhi zonke organelles. It mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic. element ngayinye has ulwelwesi ayo kwesakhiwo.

Indima kuseli umsebenzi

ulwelwesi eziphilayo kudlala indima eyaphumela lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti aphansi uhlelo eziphilayo. Uma iseli lizungezwe emgodleni zokuzivikela, kungaba ngokufanelekile ubizwe emzimbeni. inqubo enjalo njengoba umzimba, nakho kwenziwe sibonga ulwelwesi. Uma ubuqotho isakhi yayo siphukile, lokhu kuholela ushintsho isimo sokusebenza umzimba iyonke.

I cell ulwelwesi kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yayo

It ehlukanisa cytoplasm yengqamuzana kusukela imvelo bangaphandle noma kusuka kumasistimu asebenzayo. cell ulwelwesi iqinisekisa abulawe efanele imisebenzi ethize, ngqo cell-cell oxhumana nabo kanye ukubonakaliswa mzimba isekela transmembrane kagesi umehluko ezingaba khona. It babe receptor uyakwazi niqonda ngezimpawu zamakhemikhali - hormone, neurotransmitters nezinye izingxenye eziphila abakhuthele. Lezi receptor endow nomunye ikhono - ukushintsha umsebenzi umzimba esitokisini.

ulwelwesi umsebenzi:

1. Ukuthuthwa asebenzayo izidakamizwa.

2. ukudluliswa Passive izidakamizwa:

2.1. Diffusion elula.

2.2. Dlulisa ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni.

2.3. Ezokuthutha eyenziwa nokuhanjiswa kwe- esiphathiswa kanye impahla ulwelwesi noma zokundlulisela phezu edluliselwe ejenti yamangqamuzana chain ukudluliselwa ejenti.

3. ukudluliselwa non-electrolyte ngokusebenzisa okusheshayo elula lula.

4. ezokuthutha Active ion.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell

Izingxenye ulwelwesi cell - lipids namaprotheni.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol futhi phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. Ingxenye lipid kuyinto 40-90%.

Amaprotheni: neuropathy, edidiyelwe (glycoproteins), spectrin, cytoskeleton actin.

The main isici kwesakhiwo - ungqimba double of phospholipid molecule.

Zophahla ulwelwesi: definition futhi typology

Ezinye izibalo. On endaweni Russian Federation njengendlela material ulwelwesi ukufulela isetshenziswa akunjalo kudala. amandla adonsela phansi letitsite ukufulela ulwelwesi wenani ophahleni ezithambile setshe kuyinto% 1.5 kuphela. zisabalele eRussia futhi wathola bituminous ukufulela-mastic. Kodwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu, isabelo ulwelwesi uphahla akhawunti ama-87%. Umehluko palpable.

Ngokuvamile, ulwelwesi njengoba ukwaziswa okuyinhloko ophahleni ophahleni ilungele ezinophahla oluyisicaba. Ukuze kokuba eyehlelayo esikhulu ezifaneleke ngezinga elincane.

Ukukhiqizwa kanye yokuthengisa ulwelwesi uphahla emakethe yasekhaya abe ukukhula mkhuba omuhle. Kungani? Izizathu ezingaphezu kuka ecacile:

• Impilo isevisi yeminyaka engaba ngu-60. Cabanga kuphela ukusetshenziswa sewaranti, okuyinto lihlelwe ngumkhiqizi, kuze iminyaka engu-20.
• Ukufaka okulula. Ukuze uqhathanise, ukufakwa asphalt ukufulela ithatha isikhathi eside izikhathi 1.5 ngaphandle ukufakwa kokuncishiswa ulwelwesi.
• Ubulula yesondlo kanti umsebenzi wokulungisa.

Zophahla ulwelwesi ukujiya kungenzeka 0.8-2 mm kanye nesisindo yisilinganiso sesifundo esisodwa imitha lesikwele 1.3 kg.

Izakhiwo ukufulela ulwelwesi:

• kuyaqina;
• amandla;
• Ukumelana UV imisebe nenye imidiya umqali;
• frost;
• Ukumelana umlilo.

Uphahla ulwelwesi kuyinto of izinhlobo ezintathu. The main ngezigaba sici - ifomu polymer impahla akha base Indwangu. Ngakho, ukufulela ulwelwesi yilezi:

• EPDM. Ulwelwesi okuqondene iqembu EPDM, wenza ngesisekelo polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, noma ngaphezulu nje, zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Izinzuzo: namandla high, kuyaqina, ukumelana namanzi, nobungane kwemvelo, eziphansi. Okumbi: ingcina ubuchwepheshe kwakwakhe webs ngokusebenzisa sebhande ekhethekile, amandla ongaphakeme zezakhi. Ububanzi: isetshenziswa njengendlela material ungangenisi amanzi ngoba Umhubhe iphansi, imithombo yamanzi, nokugcinwa kukadoti, zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa amadamu amanzi, njll ...
• PVC ulwelwesi. Lokhu igobolondo, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiziphi njengendlela material base isetshenziswa polyvinyl chloride. Izinzuzo: UV ukumelana, ukumelana umlilo, olubanzi umbala uhla izindwangu ulwelwesi. Okumbi: amazinga aphansi ukumelana izinto bituminous, amafutha, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi; Likhipha izinto eziyingozi; kombala buphela nge sikhathi.
• TPO. Yenziwe olefin Thermoplastic. It Zingagandelelwa futhi unreinforced. Eyokuqala ifakwe anezikhala of polyester noma fiberglass Indwangu. Izinzuzo: imvelo, okuhlala, kuyaqina okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukushisa ukumelana (zombili amazinga aphakeme okushisa ongaphakeme), webs welds ezivuzayo. Okumbi: isigaba ilethe inkinga enkulu, ukuntuleka abakhiqizi emakethe yasekhaya.

Ulwelwesi is profiled: izici, izici kanye nezinzuzo

ulwelwesi Shaped - kuyinto emisha emakethe ukwakhiwa. ulwelwesi okunjalo eziqhutshwa njengendlela material ungangenisi amanzi.

Ingqikithi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa - polyethylene. Kugcine kuba ezinhlobo ezimbili: Isidlulisilwazi polyethylene (LDPE) kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu kwabantu polyethylene (HDPE).

izici Technical we ulwelwesi of LDPE futhi HDPE

inkomba	Jha	HDPE
amandla eqine (MPA)	13	23
ukunwebeka eqine (%)	400	100
Ubuningi (kg / cu. M)	917-930	948-952
amandla compressive (MPA)	12	20-36
amandla Impact (ohlehliswe) (kJ / sq. M)	-	2-50
Flexural Modulus (MPA)	140-250	600-850
Ukuqina (MPA)	14-25	45-59
Operating lokushisa (? C)	-60 kuya +80	-60 kuya +80
Izinga Daily yamanzi ukumuncwa (%)	0.01	0.01

Diaphragm ezimise we polyethylene umfutho ophakeme has a ebusweni ethize - nezinduna eziyize. Ukuphakama zalezi zakhiwo zingahluka kusuka 7 kuya ku-20 mm. Ebusweni engaphakathi ulwelwesi uyisicaba. Lokhu kwenza inkinga-mahhala ukugoba zokwakha.

Ukushintsha ukuma izingxenye ngabanye we ulwelwesi kungenzeka ngoba ingcindezi phezu yonke indawo yayo ngokulinganayo basakaza ngenxa yokuba khona we projection efanayo. Geomembrane ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ukupholisa atihambi todvwa. Kulokhu ahlinzekwe nge exchange khulula ukushisa ngaphakathi esakhiweni.

Izinzuzo ulwelwesi profiled:

• anda amandla;
• ukuzinza ezishisayo;
• ukuzinza chemical nemiphumela bayo begazi;
• ukuphila isikhathi eside (Iminyaka engama-50);
• Ifakeka futhi silondoloze;
• ngemali ephansi.

ulwelwesi Shaped ningabaleli ezintathu izinhlobo:

• nge isendlalelo esisodwa sendwangu;
• ezimbili Ply web = + amanzi geotextile ulwelwesi;
• nge emithathu ungqimba web endaweni eshelelayo = + amanzi geotextile ulwelwesi.

Monolayer ulwelwesi ezimise isetshenziselwa ukuvikela eyinhloko manzi, inhlangano disassembly yokulungiselela izindonga kakhonkolo umswakama. A ezimbili-ungqimba imishini zokuzivikela ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi esiseduze-odongeni amanzi. Ehlanganisa izingqimba ezintathu sisetshenziswa emhlabathini, okuyinto amenable ngenyanga ugonyuluka, inhlabathi kanye komhlaba, elise ezijulile.

Izindawo ukusetshenziswa amanzi ulwelwesi

ulwelwesi profiled uthola isicelo yayo ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

1. The main engaphansi ungangenisi amanzi. Inikeza ukuvikelwa okuthembekile ngokumelene umthelela elimazayo komhlaba, isitshalo impande izinhlelo, subsidence, umonakalo ohlobo lokukhanda.
2. Wall amanzi isisekelo. Neutralizes umthelela komhlaba, kwezulu ngu ferrying ukuba isimiso sokukhuculula.
3. Ovundlile amanzi kwesigubhu uhlobo - isivikelo ukusonteka ngenxa izici kwesakhiwo.
4. Analog ukulungiselela ukhonkolo. Wasebenza ngawo ngokuqondene ekwakheni imisebenzi ku nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo endaweni komhlaba ongaphakeme, lokhu ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho a ungangenisi amanzi ovundlile ukuze azivikele capillary umswakama. Futhi profiled ulwelwesi umsebenzi kuhlanganisa nontransmission usimende grout walihlanganisa nomhlabathi phansi.
5. Ukupholisa odongeni evele of nomswakama eliphezulu. It ingafakwa kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle yamagceke. Esimweni sokuqala, air kwegazi icushiwe, kanti eyesibili inikeza umswakama elikhulu kanye lokushisa.
6. Ezisetshenzisiwe kombhala ukufulela.

Superdiffuzionnaya ulwelwesi

Superdiffuzionnaya ulwelwesi impahla isizukulwane esisha, injongo eyinhloko - ukuvikelwa izakhi uphahla omoya imihlola, imvula, umusi.

Womshini impahla zokuzivikela kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke okungezona nokwelukiweyo, uzigcinele izinga okusezingeni zesivikelo sesifuba. Esikhathini yasekhaya emakethe ethandwa emithathu ungqimba futhi ezine-ungqimba ulwelwesi. Izibuyekezo ochwepheshe kanye abathengi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingqimba nakakhulu ngesisekelo umklamo, aba maningi umsebenzi olwawuvikele, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ephakeme songa amandla izakhiwo iyonke.

Kuye uhlobo ophahleni, layo tesakhiwo, isimo sezulu, abakhiqizi ukuncoma makudle eyodwa noma olunye uhlobo ka okusheshayo ulwelwesi. Ngakho, ngabe zikhona ngoba uphahla bamisa ka ezakhiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi nelula uphahla bamisa uthayiphe nge ukuphambuka ubuncane, a rebated ikhava uphahla nokunye. D.

Superdiffuzionnaya ulwelwesi wabeka ngqo ungqimba olubamba ukushisa of flooring amabhodi. Kuyadingeka ukupholisa igebe khona. Material unamathele ubakaki noma steel izipikili. Emaphethelweni amashidi okusheshayo zihlangene obandayo tape. Ukufakwa umsebenzi kumele kwenziwe ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi: ku ekuseni nesithwathwa, nge ipheshulwa eqinile umoya, njll ...

Ngaphezu kwalokho, luthi alufane kuncike ingasetshenziswa uphahla isigubungelo yesikhashana.

PVC ulwelwesi: ngobunjalo nomnqopho

TFC ulwelwesi - material for ophahleni, eyenziwe polyvinyl chloride nokuba izakhiwo nokunwebeka. Lokhu kwaziswa ukufulela yesimanje indawo ngokuphelele asphalt roller analogs kokuba ethile abalulekile - isidingo njalo futhi ukulungisa. Kuze kube manje, izici PVC ulwelwesi uvumele ukusebenzisa kwabo ngesikhathi umsebenzi wokulungisa ophahleni endala hlobo flat. Zisetshenziswa futhi ukufakwa uphahla olusha.

Uphahla ukwaziswa okunjalo kuba lula ukusebenza, futhi ukufakwa kwalo kungenzeka ku zonke izinhlobo evele, kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka futhi zonke izimo zezulu. PVC ulwelwesi ine Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• amandla;
• ukuzinza lapho zihlatshwa emisebe yama-UV, izinhlobo ezahlukene kwezulu, futhi ebusweni iphuzu ukulayisha.

Kuyinto sibonga izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele PVC ulwelwesi eyokusiza ngokwethembeka iminyaka eminingi. Ithemu ukusetshenziswa kophahla enjalo ilingana ekuphileni ezaziphase isakhiwo, kuyilapho izinto roll ukufulela zidinga njalo futhi, kwezinye izimo nhlobo ukuqaqa futhi ukufakwa izibuya entsha.

Ulwelwesi phakathi PVC webs axhunyiwe ngu Welding bayabubula ashisayo, izinga lokushisa ungaphakathi uhla 400-600 degrees Celsius. Lokhu uxhumano ngokuphelele moya.

Izinzuzo PVC ulwelwesi

Isithunzi sobala zabo:

• nezimo ukufulela uhlelo kangcono oluhambisana wokwakha;
• eziqinile, izakhiwo leakproof kokuba umthungo yokuxhuma phakathi izindwangu ulwelwesi;
• Perfect ushintsho ukuphatheka sezulu, izimo zezulu, izinga lokushisa, umswakama,
• anda umhwamuko permeability ukuthi kusiza ukuhwamuka umswakama anqwabelene esikhaleni uphahla;
• ezahlukeneyo eziningi imibala;
• nomlilo izakhiwo ukumelana;
• ikhono alondoloze kwenkathi ende izakhiwo kokuqala ukubukeka;
• PVC ulwelwesi - impahla ngokuphelele okungenangozi lapho kuqinisekiswa izitifiketi esihambelanayo;
• ukufakwa nqubo ngomshini, ngakho musa ukuthatha isikhathi esiningi;
• imithetho Operating ukuvumela ukufaka anezele ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo ngqo phezulu ulwelwesi PVC uphahla;
• onomzali ungqimba ukustaka imali yakho;
• lula nokugcinwa nokulungiswa.

ulwelwesi izicubu

Textile ulwelwesi Indwangu Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa. Elinama wayebenzela izicathulo nezimpahla zokugqoka: abadala kanye nezingane. Ulwelwesi - indwangu ulwelwesi nesekelo elinikelwa ngesimo ifilimu elincanyana polymeric nokuba izici ezifana ukumelana amanzi umusi permeability. Ukuze kukhiqizwe lokhu okubalulekile ifilimu is camera ne engxenyeni engaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi zokuzivikela. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-inquma ulwelwesi ngokwalo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kulondolozwe zonke izakhiwo ezuzisayo ngisho uma umonakalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ulwelwesi kuyinto izingubo waterproof lapho zihlatshwa kwezulu ngesimo lina noma iqhwa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sihamba kahle umusi kusuka emzimbeni ukuze imvelo bangaphandle. Lokhu-bandwidth ivumela isikhumba ukuphefumula.

Uma sicabanga ngakho konke okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi le ndwangu yazalwa efanayo enhle izingubo ebusika. Ulwelwesi, elise base Indwangu, kungase kube:

• nge ikhule ezimbotsheni;
• ngaphandle ikhule ezimbotsheni;
• kuhlangene.

Njengengxenye ulwelwesi kokuba sebuningini micropores, inani Teflon. Ubukhulu yalezi ikhule ezimbotsheni ungayifinyeleli izilinganiso ngisho iconsi lamanzi, kodwa iningi wonke amangqamuzana awuketshezi, okubonisa ukuthi ukumelana namanzi futhi ikhono ukususa umjuluko.

Ulwelwesi ezibe, njengoba umthetho, zenziwa polyurethane. ungqimba kwawo kwangaphakathi ugxilisa ukwehlukana potozhirovye zonke emzimbeni womuntu futhi ezidudula phandle.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi kuhlanganiswe eqala khona izingqimba ezimbili: i-ukungena nakwamanye amazwe futhi bushelelezi. Indwangu okunjalo izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu izici futhi izothatha iminyaka eminingi.

Ngenxa lezi izinzuzo izingubo nezicathulo wenza kusuka ulwelwesi izindwangu futhi yakhelwe ukugqoka esikhathini ebusika zonyaka, okunamandla, kodwa engasindi, ivikeleke kakhulu ngokumelene frost, umswakama, nothuli. Ziyakwazi esisemqoka ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo asebenzayo ukuzilibazisa ebusika, izintaba.