Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu eRussia

Umlando kwabantu eRussia baqala ukuvela ku 60s 19veka. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, umphakathi ukufunda kanye wezesayensi aqalwa bajwayelane ukuhumusha izihloko kanye nezincwadi Comté. Yande kwabantu Russian izibambe kakhulu ukucwaninga imicabango Comté, kanye ukungabi nasithakazelo ezinhle phesheya ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Kwase kuzoqala igagasi "Ukufundwa yesibili" ka-Auguste Comté, balawulwa amazwe athuthukile neFrance neRussia bambamba. Omagazini "izwi Russian", "Amanothi we lawobaba" "owayephila", njll izihloko yaqala ukubonakala phezu kwabantu futhi Comté, eyabhalwa VV Lesevichem, P. L. Lavrovym, D. I. Pisarevym.

Negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwabantu eRussia wenza zezenhlalo wokuqala Russian: abasunguli isayensi kaKhareya Yuzhakov, Mikhailovsky, Lavrov nabanye. Baye nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni kwabantu eRussia, ukwakha indlela yayo ulwazi nokutadisha ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile. Babebheka umphakathi ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu ukuziphatha kwabantu bayo, ikakhulukazi abantu abashukunyiswa athuthukile, asebenzayo - indlela subjective. Omunye imisebenzi N. K. Mihaylovskogo wabizwa ngokuthi - "Heroes futhi isixuku". Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu eRussia kwaphawulwa okulandelayo: ukuvela ubuntu we kwezilwane, intuthuko emphakathini kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, isilinganiso ukukhula okungokwemvelo nokuthuthukisa ezenhlalakahle umphakathi, umthelela ngentuthuko emkhakheni kwezomnotho.

Sociology eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuye kwadingeka abanye impumelelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu eRussia ngaleso sikhathi kwaphawulwa ukunwetshwa uhla izinkinga ifundelwe zenzeka ezindaweni ezilandelayo: ezingokwengqondo, ezindawo, othanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngalesi sikhathi yokuhlalisana kwabantu Russian uqala omubi ekukhuleni sciences eside zaziwa: umlando, umthetho, ifilosofi kanye nezinye social sciences.

Uma sikhuluma izigaba yentuthuko kwabantu eRussia, isigaba sokuqala singase kahle kumelwe kuthiwe zibangelwa ekwakhekeni, ukuzalwa kwabantu eRussia, eyathatha iminyaka engu-60 kuya kwangu-90 yekhulu le-19. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukusakaza imibono lwezenhlalo, kwakheka isiqondiso yokucabanga lwezenhlalo, okuyinto lajula isayensi Russian.

Sociology eRussia inkathi kusukela eminyakeni engu-90 ngekhulu le-19 kuya 20s kwekhulu lama-20, kubhekwa njengento komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yesibili - kukhona institutionalization, okusho ukuqashelwa yayo umphakathi wombuso, ukusungulwa kwezikhungo yesayensi, neminyango nezigaba .. isisekelo imiphakathi namajenali yesayensi, njll

Kulesi sigaba ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu eRussia senzeka ngo Ukubambisana eduze ne angaphandle, okungukuthi yokuhlalisana kwabantu baseYurophu.

Ngeshwa, endaweni 1920. kwakhiwa sengqondo ngonanzelelo kanye nobutha social science iziphathimandla zaseSoviet iqala. Kwaphela lesi sinyathelo ukuvala izikhungo lwezenhlalo nezokuhlalisana kwabantu nge ukubukwa nezimfundiso ze-non-kaMarx zaxoshwa Russia, noma ithunyelwe emakamu "kabusha imfundo". Kusukela ngo-1922, kusho uMnyango ivaliwe futhi ukuqeqeshwa stop e kwabantu neyasemayunivesithi ivaliwe lwezenhlalo Society, ngokusekelwe M. M. Kovalevskim.

Isigaba sesithathu e kwabantu isiRashiya kwakuwulimi "black" futhi wawukhona kusukela 1920. kuze kube 1950s. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwabantu uthola ilebula "wonxiwankulu isayensi" futhi bakhishwe nefilosofi kaMarx-Leninist kanye nobukhomanisi ngokwesayensi.

New ngokwengxenye institutionalization yaze yaqala ngemva wabalahla "ubuntu ihlelo" lenkolo Stalin, kodwa yaphela nge ukuthuthukiswa yokuhlalisana kwabantu CPSU futhi yena akatholanga ukusakazwa emphakathini.

Modern, esigabeni lesine lavela 1980 futhi kwaphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha Russian kwabantu. Sociology uthola isimo isayensi ezimele futhi kufundiswe ngazo kuwo wonke izikole Russian.

Ngemva kokudabula zonke izigaba yentuthuko kwabantu eRussia sibona ukuthi uye wenza okungaphezu nengxenye. Ngenxa yokuthi ke ingenye isayensi ithuthuka ngokushesha, kancane kancane eseyiqedile izikhala of ulwazi lwethu ngokuphenya ngobudlelwano bokuhlalisana emphakathini kanye nomphakathi, thina kancane kancane baxoxelane ne isikole kazwelonke wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu emazweni asethuthukile abaye phambili.