Imithethonqubo kuqala. Sudebnik Ivan 4th

Tsar Ivan IV, esihlanganisa abantu abaqotho, bakha uhulumeni omusha. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Kukhethwe uyajabula." Njengengxenye yalolu uhulumeni kwakukhona abanye boyars eMoscow ubudala nabakhulu, libonisa isithakazelo ukuvelela eMoscow.

Imisebenzi "ekhethiwe ojabulayo '

inqubomgomo entsha kahulumeni yayihloselwe ngokuyinhloko ngaleso yinye ye umbuso, yokubuyisana of izithakazelo boyars, abefundisi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Ekuqaleni 1549 ku ezibiyele Palace, baletha ndawonye abamele abavelele emphakathini emphakathini. Ngesikhathi "Cathedral wekubuyisana" Inkosi yenza inkulumo ecaleni ngokumelene boyars. U-Ivan IV wathi abamele abavelele emphakathini kuthiwa basebenzisa budedengu isikhundla sabo, futhi wabakhuthaza ukuba babe nobunye imizamo yabo ekuqiniseni Russia. Imihlangano elandelayo besishumayela nezindaba ebalulekile isimo. ERussia ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiwa ifomu lombhalo-omele kobukhosi.

Sudebnik Ivan 4th

Lo mbhalo baba isikhumbuzo umthetho isiRashiya, owokuqala emlandweni Russia normative isenzo zomthetho. Ivan 4 Yomthetho kwavunyelwana ngayo ngowokuqala Zemsky Sobor e 1549. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1551-m, idokhumenti evunyiwe Stoglavy Cathedral, ngo-isinyathelo yenkosi. isenzo Legal kwadingeka, ngokuvamile, pro-uhulumeni ukuma. Ukwamukelwa Sudebnik Ivan 4th yayihlanganisa ukuqedwa amalungelo athile wezikhulu kanye nokuqinisa umsebenzi iziphathimandla emaphakathi sokwahlulelwa isimo. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we sebuqoqiwe izihloko, anamakhulu mane.

Sudebnik Ivan 4. Okuqukethwe: Umkhawulo iziphathimandla zendawo

Imisebenzi volosteley nababusi isifakwe ngohlaka ezithile: Endabeni 'inceku kubaphangi? "Zadluliselwa abadala labial. Njengoba izinguquko wandisa imingcele ukuthi ngaphambili kuphela asibekela izifunda enyakatho. Sudebnik Ivan 4th walungisiswa ngokomthetho ushintsho. Volosteli, ababusi kanye nezinye nababusi, aqokwe yinkosi endaweni, ayikwazanga nemacala ngaphandle iqhaza kwabamele sabantu. Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana akhethwe abantu enembako ongumlimi umphakathi, induna kanye Dvorsky. Ngaphandle kwalezi, emphakathini ngamunye wendawo kwakuyilona umabhalane wakhe umabhalane. Ulwazi lwakhe olunzulu kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi elokishini abantu. Indlela ajezise Sudebnik Ivan 4th, ukuba babe khona eMhlanganweni ekuqhutshweni abantu akhethwe kwadingeka ukuba libhekele ngesifungo.

kwekuhlela kabusha komphakathi

Ukuze uqinise kangcono base yezenhlalakahle kahle kwemandla embuso waqala ukwandisa amalungelo amalungu esigaba inkonzo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, Yomthetho Ivan 4th sinqatshiwe inguqulelo servicemen e ababagqilazayo ebugqileni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubaluleka enamathiselwe ubudlelwano phakathi ukulawulwa engaphansi ngabalimi feudalists legislatively efakwe Yurev suku. Ngandlela-thile, uhulumeni uzamile ukwandisa amalungelo abalimi. abantu oncikile banikezwa ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ezindabeni zomphakathi, yophenyo. Lapho lokhu ababusi noma ngesikhathi zecala, noma phambi kwakhe ayikwazanga Kuboshwe ngaphandle kwemvume umphakathi ongumlimi akhethwe izinduna, abadala barmen. Sudebnik Ivan 4th anikezwe ongumlimi zindlani izintela isakhiwo esifanele, oda lokugada, ukuzibusa.

Ngenxa yokuvela kwamathuba amasha abalimi

Yomthetho waqinisekisa ilungelo labantu engaphansi ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile. Esihlokweni olulawula leli lungelo, lithi ngokucacile ukuthi ngaphezu izinkokhelo zokuthengwa "lokudlela" futhi "abadala" akukho eminye imisebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwenza ukudluliswa ukhululekile umlinyana asikho isidingo ukwenza kokusebenzisa izibalo nomnikazi, ngaphezu kwalezo izinzuzo. Mnumzane, esikhundleni salokho, alinalo ilungelo ubambe abantu usukhokhe lezi imisebenzi emibili. Ngokomthetho kungavunyelwe ukuguqulwa ngempoqo abalimi basebenzisa serfs. Inguquko wavunyelwa ngisho uma umninindlu bonke kweletu ziye ikhokhelwe nasekuthengeni.

Babhekane nezinga elikhulu uhlelo isigwebo

Sudebnik Ivan 4th ukunikeza amalungu behlonipha umphakathi. Kodwa izinhlawulo ezingahloniphekiyo ngaxabana. Ukuze begcina umlimi yokukhokha kwaba 1 Rouble, umuntu suburban - 5, umthengisi eyinhloko - 50, umabhalane - 200 boyar - 600. Abesifazane nge ikhokhwe kabili kunabantu besigaba efanayo.

Amacala kanye ubufakazi

zomthetho eyinkimbinkimbi phambi komthetho yayingaxazululeka ngumuntu Duel phakathi kwezinhlangano ukuphikisana. Ubani ophumelele ku 'ensimini' Ngakho-ke, wacabanga ukuthi awine icala. Sudebnik ngale ndlela uma ukuthethwa kwecala kungagcini lezimo eziningana. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, akubanga "le" phakathi "fighter futhi neboytsom". Kule minyaka kuthathwe abantu abagulela ukufa, sibasha noma sibadala. Ukuxolela kungenzeka nezikhathi lapho "neboets" ukuthi wayezimisele ukubamba iqhaza emkhakheni. Futhi avunyelwe ukuthumela endaweni yakhe empini, "yomqashwa." Kufanele ukuthi 'ensimini' ka Sudebnik angase ahlelwe hhayi kuphela ukuxazulula umbango, kodwa futhi ukunquma ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba. ubufakazi bofakazi.