PPA - kuyinto ... izenzo zomthetho kaMasipala. izinhlobo PPA

I-Russian isimiso somthetho, ukuhlukahluka yemithetho likhulu kakhulu. Kodwa kusekelwe into efana isenzo zomthetho. Yiziphi imininingwane zezincwadi zabo futhi yiziphi izinhlobo imithombo yedatha umthetho? Kungenzeka yini ukuba ahumushe PPA eside ngezindlela ezahlukene? Kuyini lokhu?

Umbono yendabuko ubunjalo PPA

Abanye abameli ukholelwa ukuthi ejwayelekile elandelayo definition ukuthini igama elithi "isenzo zomthetho". Kuyinto idokhumenti ngokubhala ukuthi yamukelwe singaphansi komthetho (umzimba isimo, isakhiwo lohulumeni basekhaya noma isikhungo sokubusa ngentando yeningi ngqo) ukuze baveze lokho okushiwo uhulumeni nekulawulwa ubudlelwane emphakathini.

Impahla eyinhloko izenzo zomthetho (noma esifushanisiwe njengoba PPA) - Lena normative. Futhi, le mithombo afakwa impahla lungekho sokuphikisa semthethweni.

Umbono yesayensi yemvelo PPA

Phakathi izazi zomthetho bebelokhu bekholelwa ukuthi i-NPA - Umthethosisekelo umbhalo obhalwe ebonisa intando isitho okungokomthetho kombuso, mayelana nokumiswa, ukulungiswa noma ukwesulwa imithetho ethile umthetho (imithetho yemvelo oyisibopho, angaphansi ukusetshenziswa eziningi).

NPA umbono Esemthethweni bemvelo

Endaweni iziphathimandla zomphakathi zisebenzisa izincazelo ezahlukene amasampula okungukuthi isenzo zomthetho. Omunye wabo, lo PPA - isenzo equkethe kwezinkambiso zomthetho kanye nokusungulwa, okuyinto zenzelwe eside (ngokuvamile) zisebenzisa futhi basakaza unomphela (noma enkulu kakhulu) bemiphefumulo.

INkantolo Ephakeme of the Russian Federation kwelinye plenums banikeza incazelo PPA. La majaji athi, izenzo iziphathimandla ogunyaziwe noma izikhulu ukuthi usethe kwezinkambiso zomthetho noma imithetho yokuziphatha ziqondiswe abantu elingacacisiwe futhi kuncike Ukulisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, kungakhathaliseki khona noma ukungabi khona ubudlelwane zomthetho kubuswa isenzo, waqaphela wezomthetho kanye nokulawulwa.

Ukwahlukaniswa PPA

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene PPA. Izizathu ngeengaba zabo ezimbalwa. Omunye wabo kuxhomeke endleleni ngesimo esingokomthetho isihloko iye, wakhipha umthetho (ekubhekaneni kwemtsetfo). Uhlelo yeziqondiso, esenziwa ngo-Russia, kuhlanganisa ngezigaba elandelayo imithombo yomthetho nenqubo okukhulunywa ngalo:

• It uba zikahulumeni (egameni Uhulumeni waseRussia, izakhiwo zesifunda noma kamasipala amandla esiphezulu).
• Lokhu imidanti esikhishwe izinhlangano zomphakathi (futhi corporations).
• Lokhu iziqondiso ngokuhlanganyela (okuyinto ejensi wombuso ukushicilela, ahlangana, isibonelo, izinkampani).
• It imithombo komthetho, eyamukelwa inhlolovo ngevoti ngqo abantu.

Izinhlobo PPA angahluka isicelo geography. Kukhona izenzo federal normative wezomthetho izikhonzi yemithetho, kanye nemithetho ezikhishwa komasipala, futhi izenzo zendawo (yenkampani, ejensi ezingeni). Enye isisekelo Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu PPA - isikhathi sokusebenza. Kukhona imibhalo, ukuba semthethweni okuyinto akachaziwe, futhi kukhona imithombo yesikhashana komthetho.

NPA izenzo isicelo komthetho

Abanye abameli ukuhlukanisa phakathi nomqondo PPA futhi into efana isenzo isicelo komthetho. Umehluko phakathi imibhalo emibili kungaba ezicashile elandelayo.

• Okokuqala, imithetho zenzelwe ukuphathwa ejwayelekile, nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kuqhathaniswa njalo. Izenzo ilungelo ukuphatha kanjani esimweni esithile, ukwakha isibonelo. Isibonelo - Civil Code of the Russian Federation - iyona PPA, futhi isinqumo mayelana aphoyintimenti ehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha wemfanelo ngenxa yokucucuza Ukuvuselela Uhlaza Lwehlathi edolobheni - nesenzo ekusebenziseni umthetho.
• Okwesibili, kubalulekile bani isenzo iqondiswa umthombo umthetho.

izenzo normative-zomthetho, njengoba umthetho, hhayi siqu. Basuke abhekiswe i nenani elinganqunyiwe eliku-abantu. ilungelo lokusebenzisa izenzo ngamunye ngamakhasimende. PPA ongasho, shintsha noma ahoxise umthetho. elicela amalungelo Mthetho akanazakhiwo ezinjalo. Kungaba yenqubo ukuphoqelelwa, eziphathelene nezidingo izenzo normative-zomthetho.

NPA non-normative izenzo zomthetho

Abanye ochwepheshe bebona kudingekile ukwehlukanisa phakathi imiqondo NAP futhi "izenzo zomthetho ze-non-normative." Isimo sokunquma zimi kanje. isenzo normative - kuwumphumela umsebenzi umthetho neziphathimandla nezikhulu. Sinenkosi imithetho kanye nemithetho uhlamvu oyisibopho, hhayi uqobo, yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. izenzo Non-normative zingenalo nanoma yiziphi lezi zimpawu. Omunye kungenzeka izincazelo zabo - "hlinzeka elinganiselwe ngesikhathi futhi ziqondiswe izifundo ezithile."

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunenkolelo yokuthi izenzo babhekwe zethu kuqine bese usetha amalungiselelo acacile ecacisa nemiphumela wezomthetho umuntu othize noma iqembu. GIC RF unamalungiselelo lapho umuntu, uma sicabangela ukuthi isenzo non-normative zomthetho esivimbela kuye, kwephula izimiso kwamalungelo wobuntu nekululeko, angase alungenele izibopho okwafika njengezwi ngokuvumelana okuqukethwe isenzo.

Ububanzi ukusebenza kwemithetho yamazwe

Omunye izinhlobo ayisihluthulelo NPA federal eRussia - imithetho. Lezi zokulawula, njengoba abanye abameli imibuzo elandelayo esemqoka:

• ukubonwa kwamalungelo, inkululeko kanye netibopho tetakhamuti, ukulondeka kwabo;
• izindinganiso umthwalo wezomthetho izakhamuzi ngezenzo ezahlukene.

Ngokulawulwa zoMthetho Federal imibuzo of ubudlelwano sikahulumeni. Lokhu ukuphathwa lungelo entando yeningi (ukhetho emazingeni ahlukene, referenda).

Izenzo zezomthetho Russian Federation ezingeni federal banesibopho kuciniswa noma yokulahlwa izivumelwano esisayinwe Russia nezinye izifundazwe. imithetho yamazwe alawule inqubomgomo yezezimali, imisebenzi yokuqoqa intela. FL - Imithombo imithetho oluphathelene nokuphepha kazwelonke kanye nenqubomgomo lempi. Ezingeni federal ukubhekana imibuzo eyisihluthulelo ngale isimiso sobulungisa, ikhambi izingxabano zombango, umsebenzi ukulamula umbango, abameli. imithetho yamazwe yakhelwe ukuba alawule emikhakheni ehlukene yempilo yomphakathi kanye nokwakha isimo. Kukhona zoMthetho Federal "Ngo-Joint Stock Izinkampani", kukhona isinyathelo esifanayo olawula imisebenzi Inkampani. Abanye abameli ukwamukela Ukwahlukaniswa FL ku izinhlobo ezimbili - iziqondiso amanje nawesikhathi eyabekwa.

UMthethosisekelo - isenzo ne amandla aphakeme zomthetho

The main Russian NPA - kuyinto uMthethosisekelo. Anakho amandla zomthetho ophakeme. Lo mthombo umthetho sinikezwe uhlamvu abamelwe: imiyalelo kanye nemithetho equkethwe wuMthethosisekelo, kukhona isisekelo ngokuphelele zonke ezinye izenzo zomthetho ezikhishwe eRussia. Ishicilela umthombo umthetho Kayisilutho ngaphandle abantu Russian. UMthethosisekelo - idokhumenti ngokomthetho abalulekile hhayi kuphela. Lena inkambo isisekelo izinqubo ukhiye kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Siveza ubumbano lwabantu, ngamunye okungenzeka babe nesithakazelo zezombusazwe eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele. UMthethosisekelo Russian Federation awashintsheki izimpawu ezisemqoka zikahulumeni, isakhiwo sikahulumeni, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu kanye nezikhungo wezwe setepolitiki.

Imininingwane imithetho kahulumeni yomthethosisekelo

A zenyathi zoMthetho Federal - Umthetho womthethosisekelo. Sinenkosi ezinye izici. Le mithetho zenziwa ngenjongo inqubo esemthethweni, okuyinto ngokucacile ezikuMthethosisekelo. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, isimo izikhungo ezisemqoka esimweni. imisebenzi yabo imithetho ngokomthethosisekelo - "On the Government", "Ngo eNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo", nokunye okunjalo. Kukhona izenzo okuyinto lokulawula isingeniso noma ukwesulwa isimo, ezithinta ngezinga kobukhosi isimo. Phakathi kwalabo umthetho phezu isingeniso komthetho amasosha. imithetho Russian federal ngokomthethosisekelo wethula imithetho isakhiwo zokuphatha nezombusazwe zezwe, ichaze imithetho abadlali amatjha angabekwa ngokulandelana ukusuka ethathwe mfelandawonye. Amandla zomthetho kwemithetho ngokomthethosisekelo kunakunoma we federal abavamile (ngaphansi kuka Article 76 soMthethosisekelo). Lezi zenzo zamukelwa ngendlela eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqinisekisa noma ulungise umthetho-sisekelo, ukuvota "ngoba" akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-60% amalungu Federation Council futhi okungenani amabili kwamathathu State Duma amasekela.

Imithetho ye-Federation

Ngamunye kwezihloko RF - kungaba ezizimele esifundeni, indawo, indawo noma republic - Unelungelo ukukhipha imithetho yabo. Izenzo ezinjalo normative engokomthetho yokutholwa umthetho noma umzimba omele tesifundvo (Ezikhathini umkhandlu nesimo). Izenzo esikhishwa iziphathimandla Federation, okuhloswe ngayo ukulawula izindaba eziphathelene izindawo ezibalulekile yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki esifundeni.

The main umbandela - ukuhambisana noMthethosisekelo Russian okumisa imithetho nezinye, ephakeme zomthetho force PPA. Isibonelo: kukhona zoMthetho Federal "On izimiso jikelele bendawo ukuzibusa." Imithetho ebekiwe ke, kufanele kucatshangelwe kwetinhlavu lomthetho ezihlobene nomsebenzi we-Federation of oMasipala. Uma, yithi, isimo yeRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan Council zamukele nasemthethweni wayo ku lendawo ukuzibusa imithetho ezikuyo kufanele akuphikisani Umthetho, okuyinto abalwe ngenhla. Abanye abameli ukholelwa ukuthi umphumela PPA wathola iziphathimandla isimo Federation, angeke afake isicelo ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngoba awanakufundwa yenkomba izakhiwo lesifunda.

Izici zika zomthetho kamasipala

izenzo zomthetho kaMasipala sihluke PPA ezingeni yombuso kanye lesifunda ezisebenza kuphela ezithile endaweni - dolobha, County, isifunda. Uhlelo izenzo zomthetho ezingeni lomasipala siqukethe imithombo elandelayo:

• Umthetho-sisekelo iyunithi indawo;
• yemithetho, ekhishwa amandla basekhaya ummeleli;
• izenzo yokutholwa yiMeya, ekuphathweni nezinye izikhulu (ngokuvumelana isimiso).

izenzo zomthetho kaMasipala ingemukelwa abantu balapha of inhlolovo noma embuthanweni. A kuyiqiniso ephawulekayo ukuthi i-NPA namandla afanayo kwezomthetho njengoba-articles of association. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Russian eminyakeni embalwa edlule uMnyango Wezobulungisa wakhipha umyalelo olawula isilinganiso isimiso kamasipala esigabeni sokubhaliswa esimweni saso futhi yemithetho egunyazelwe ukwenza LoMhlangano labantu. Uma evunywe charter ninezimiso okuphambene labo eziqukethwe NAP, esenziwa ngo-referendum, ke ayibonwa njengoba azivumelanise seMtsetfosisekelo Russia futhi ayikwazi kubhaliswe.

imithetho yomhlaba wonke Russian Federation

Kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile izenzo zomthetho - uMthetho kokuqiniswa noma yokulahlwa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe wonke eRussia. Ezithathwe ngesisekelo Article 106 soMthethosisekelo. Le mithetho abe inqubo ethize ukwemukelwa, kodwa ingxenye egcwele lwetemtsetfo kazwelonke. Ukushicilelwa izenzo normative-zomthetho yalolu hlobo egcina Bulletin izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Isigaba-15 soMthethosisekelo uthi izivumelwano sisayinwe Russian Federation namanye amazwe, okuyinto eza kuqala phezu komthetho kazwelonke. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ezinye abameli shayela PPA enjalo ephakeme e sabaphathi kwemithetho sikahulumeni.

uhulumeni PPA

izenzo normative we RF Uhulumeni ekhishwe ngokuhambisana neSigaba 115 soMthethosisekelo futhi ngokuvumelana nemithetho umthetho zomthethosisekelo "Ngo uhulumeni." Wake wayisebenzisa yini ikhampasi wezomthetho kahulumeni PPA? Ukuze sifeze izidingo soMthethosisekelo, uMthetho, Isinqumo kaMongameli uhulumeni waseRussia wakhipha ifomu ekhethekile kwemibhalo - izimiso, lezahlulelo, kanye nokuqapha ukusebenza kwabo. Izenzo ekhishwe nguHulumeni, kanjalo kucabangela. Kufanele uhambisane ngokugcwele soMthethosisekelo kanye neminye imithombo yomthetho kahulumeni. Ukulungiswa, ngokusho kwabanye abameli, - ifomu esiphawuleka kunazo zonke uhulumeni PPA. Le mithombo lokulawula ezisemqoka ngaphansi kwekhono amandla esiphezulu eRussia. Order - izenzo zomthetho olawula omagazini bamuva. Bobabili izinhlobo yemithetho ezithathwe nguhulumeni, ngokuvamile uMnyango kaMongameli weZwe, kodwa kwezinye izimo ushicilele bebodwa Undunankulu wase Russia.