Abaphathi kukhona ... Incazelo yegama elithi "umbusi"

Ikhulu leshumi le-13 eRus labekwe uphawu lokuhlanganiswa kwezikhulu ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga. Inhloko-dolobha lapho isikhulu sasihlala khona, uMoscow wakhethwa. Enkonzweni wayenama-boyars amaningi, abanye babo ababezibophezela nokuhlinzeka konke okwakudingeka isikhulu nesigodlo sakhe (i-butlers ngokwabo), kulandelwe ukugcwaliswa kwengcebo (umgcinimafa), ngokuqukethwe kwamagumbi okulwa okulungele ukulwa, nabanye abaningi. Noma kunjalo, isikhulu, esingaphansi kokuphila enhloko-dolobha, sasinesithakazelo enhlalakahle yabantu abasemagumbini, noma, ngokulula, endaweni yombuso. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho isikhulu sithatha ukudala okuthunyelwe njengababusi kanye nama-volostels. Lesi sinqumo asiklanyelwe nje kuphela ukugcina ukuhleleka kuhulumeni, kodwa nokulandela imingcele yaseRussia. Ubani umbusi obeka lezi zithuba? Yimiphi imisebenzi ayinikeza kubabusi kanye nama-volostels? Iyini indima yabo eyinhloko? Lesi sihloko nezinye izinto eziningi zizokutshela lesi sihloko.

Incazelo yegama elithi "umbusi"

Ngokwesayensi, phakathi kwababusi kukhona abantu abathi, ngokuya kwesikosana, baya edolobheni elikhulu laseRussia ukuze babonise izithakazelo zakhe lapho. Isikhathi sokuqala umbuso uvivinywa ku-Novgorod, futhi okokuqala umuntu osebenza njengenkosi "endaweni" wayebizwa ngokuthi "umyeni wesikhulu". Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi le-13 labo ababambe iqhaza baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "ababusi" yonke indawo. Lesi simo sasiza ekuqiniseni amandla sikhulu ngakwesinye isandla, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhululeka izandla zabanye abaphathi abangenangqondo, abathi ngezinye izikhathi bangayilahla umthetho ngokwabo. Kodwa-ke, umbuso waba khona kuze kube sekukhuphukeni esihlalweni sobukhosi sika-Ivan the Terrible, okungukuthi, cishe emakhulu amane.

Okwamanje, igama elithi "umbusi" alizange liphume ukusetshenziswa. Yilokho abameli bebandla ababizwa khona, abaphathiswe ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi yombhishobhi ngesikhathi engekho.

Inqubo yokuthola isikhundla

Njengoba sifundile ngaphambili, ababusi bameleli besikhulu, lapho kungaphetha khona ukuthi umuntu kuphela ovela kumantombazane emndenini, owayesondelene kakhulu nomuntu obusayo, angathola lo msebenzi. Isikhulu asizange sicabangele umbono wabantu abahlala endaweni ethile noma izifundazwe, kepha baqondiswa yizintshisekelo zabo. Kuwo wonke umuzi omkhulu umbusi waseMoscow wayenabusiki bakhe. Lokhu akukwenzi kodwa kuthinte umyalo wokuqashwa kwabazayo, njengomphumela wokuthunyelwe okwazuzwa njengefa kusukela kubaba kuya endodaneni. Isibonelo salokhu singasebenza njengeqiniso: e-Meshchera cishe amakhulu amabili amabandla abaphathi babesebenza njengabameli benkomba eyodwa yomfana.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yombusi

Yimiphi imisebenzi ababusi ababenayo? Okokuqala, babekwazi ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela nezenzo ezenzelwe ukubuyisela ukuhleleka ezindaweni ezinikezwe yona. Ngaphansi kokubusa kombusi kwafika amacala omphakathi kanye nobugebengu. Okwesibili, bobabili abaphathi kanye nabaphathi bempahla enhle endaweni yabo. Kodwa-ke, ibhizinisi eliyinhloko lombusi lalizoqoqa izintela nezintela ezilandelayo ngokuthanda isikhulu:

• Amaqoqo avamile (uKhisimusi, uPetrovsky noMkhulu);
• Imali yenkantolo;
• Imali yokuhweba nemishado;
• Intela yokungena evela ezinqoleni eziwela ukubaluleka ngezimpahla.

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi hhayi kuphela isikhulu, kodwa futhi nabaphathi ngokwakhe, bekhona ngezindlela ezitholwa ngale ndlela. Lo msebenzi abavame ukubeka ngaphezu kweminye imisebenzi yabo, ngenxa yalokho okuvame ukuphakamisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavamile.

Vimes noVolostel: yini umehluko?

I-Viceroy ne-volostel yimiqondo emibili engahlanganiswa kahle. Naphezu kokufaniswa okukhulu kwemisebenzi eyenziwe, ama-volosts ayemi njalo esiteji ngaphansi kwababusi. Uma siqhathanisa nesistimu yesimanje yesakhiwo sezwe, i -volostel ingalinganiswa nenhloko yamakhemikhali amancane, futhi umbusi waya enhloko yedolobha noma sonke isifunda. Uma umbusi angahlolwa ngamacala obugebengu, ama-volostels avunyelwe ukuqhuba kuphela amacala omphakathi. Izitifiketi "zokudla", okungukuthi, ukuqoqwa kwezintela nezindleko, i-volostel etholakele kumbusi noma ngokuqondile kwesikhulu. Njengabaphathi, amaVolostels ayevame ukuhlukumeza amandla, ngenxa yalokho, ngokufika kwamandla ka-Ivan the Terrible, zombili lezi zikhala zaqedwa.