I-socialism kaStalin: izici eziyisisekelo nezici

I-socialism kaStalin yisimiso sezenhlalo nezombusazwe esakhiwe futhi sasikhona ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaJosef Stalin kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yama-1920 kuya ku-1953. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-USSR yabhekana nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi, ukuhlanganiswa, amavolumu amaningi amasha. I-socialism yenkathi yaseStalin iyisimo sombuso esiyingqayizivele nesinomnotho womyalo kanye nezinsiza zokucindezela ezibanzi.

Umnotho omusha

Into yokuqala ehlobene noStalin's socialism yi-industrialization esheshayo eyenziwa e-USSR ngawo-1930. Lapho befika emandleni, amaBolsheviks athola izwe elabhujiswa yiminyaka ende yeMpi Yombango kanye nenkinga enkulu yezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqiniswe isimo, iqembu eliholwa nguLenin wanquma ukwenza iphutha lokucabanga futhi laqala i-NEP. Leli gama linikezwe inqubomgomo entsha yomnotho, okusho ukuthi kube khona ukuhweba kwamabhizinisi mahhala.

I-NEP esikhathini esifushane kakhulu esingaholela ekubuyiselweni kwezwe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-1924 uLenin wafa. Amandla okwesikhashana ahlangana ndawonye. Emaphethelweni eqembu kwakuyiBolsheviks ehloniphekile eyayilandela inhlangano ye-Revolution ka-Okthoba nokunqoba e-Civil War. Kancane kancane, uStalin wasusa bonke abadlali bakhe. Ekupheleni kwe-1920s no-1930, wabeka amandla okubambisana owodwa. Ngemva kokuthola ilungelo layo elilodwa lokuhola umbuso omkhulu, uNobhala Jikelele weKomidi Elikhulu waqala ukukhiqiza. Yaba isisekelo salokho okuzobizwa ngokushesha ngokuthi uStalism's socialism.

Uhlelo Lwaminyaka emihlanu

Uhlelo lokubambisana lwaluhlanganisa amaphuzu amaningana abalulekile. Ukubanjwa yi-sector yomphakathi wonkana wonke umnotho waqala. Umnotho kazwelonke manje kwadingeka uphile ngokuvumelana nezinhlelo zeminyaka emihlanu. "Umbuso wokulondoloza" wamenyezelwa. Zonke izimali zezwe zaphonswa ekwakhiweni kwezimboni nezitshalo ezintsha.

Okokugcina, iStalism's socialism yachaza ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo - ukudala umkhiqizo wemishini embonini nakweminye imikhakha yomnotho kazwelonke. Umgomo wayo kwakuwukuthi uhambe emalini asezingeni eliphezulu emnothweni. Izwe alinalo abasebenzi abanolwazi olwanele, kanti i-USSR ngokwayo yayikuhlukaniswa ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke, i-Politburo ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe kusukela eNtshonalanga.

Ukuqhutshwa kwemboni okuphoqelelwe kwenziwa ngokusindiswa kwezinsiza ezikhishwe emzaneni, izikweletu zasekhaya, izisebenzi ezishibhile, umsebenzi wokuboshwa kweziboshwa kanye nomdlandla wezepolitiki. "Imodi yezomnotho" iboniswe kukho konke - izindlu, ukudla, umholo. Umbuso wadala uhlelo lokuxhashazwa kanzima kwabantu, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Eminyakeni ye-1928-1935. Elizweni kwakukhona amakhadi okudla. Ukunyathelisa okuphoqelelwe kwaqhutshwa imibono. Amandla aseSoviet ayenalo iphupho lokuguqulwa komhlaba futhi enethemba lokusebenzisa ukuthula okuncane ukudala umnotho omusha, ngaphandle kwalokho okungenakwenzeka ukulwa nabamaphekula. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka yokuthuthukiswa kwe-USSR (1930) yaphela hhayi kuphela ukubonakala komnotho ohlukile, kodwa futhi nokuqinisa ikhono lokuvikela izwe.

Ukwakhiwa okwethusa

Uhlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu lwawela ngo-1928-1932. Izakhiwo ezintsha zezimboni kule nkathi zivele ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezamandla, imishini kanye nokwakhiwa kwemishini. Amalungiselelo ahlukene ayelungiselelwe imboni ngayinye kanye nezinye izindawo ezibalulekile zomnotho (isibonelo, Kuzbass). Iprojekthi eyisibonelo kwakuyi-Dneprostroy, ngaphakathi lapho kwakhiwa isiteshi samandla kagesi kanye nedamu kwi-Dnieper.

I-socialism kaStalin yanikeza leli zwe indawo entsha yamalahle nama-metallurgical emasimini eSiberia nase-Urals. Ngaphambi kwalokho, amabhizinisi amaningi ayekhona engxenyeni yaseYurophu yase-USSR. Izinhlelo zokuqala zonyaka ezinhlanu zashintsha isimo sezindaba. Manje imboni yaseSoviet yasatshalaliswa ezweni elikhulu kakhulu. Ukudluliselwa kwamabhizinisi empumalanga kwachazwa nokwesaba kobuholi bezombangazwe bempi neWest ngokuhlanganyela.

Esikhathini sikaStalin, uDalstroy wabonakala, ehamba ngezimayini zegolide eMpumalanga Ekude (ikakhulukazi eKolyma). Kulesi sifundazwe umsebenzi weziboshwa zaseGulag wawusetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Yilaba bantu abakha amabhizinisi amaningi ezinhlelo zokuqala zeminyaka emihlanu. Bamba futhi iBelomorkanal edumile, eyabumbana amabhasi aseYurophu aseMelika.

Izinguquko kwezolimo

Kanye nokuthuthukiswa, ukubambisana yilokhu okukhathazayo ngoStalin's socialism kuqala. Lezi zinqubo ezimbili zangena ngokufanayo futhi zivumelane ngokufanayo. Ngaphandle kweyodwa bekungekho omunye. Ukubambisana kuyindlela yokubhubhisa amapulazi angasese emaphandleni nokudala amapulazi ahlangene, okuyiyodwa yempawu eziyinhloko zesistimu entsha yezenhlalakahle.

Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yaseSoviet, izinguquko emkhakheni wezolimo zasemaphandleni azizange zishaywe nguhulumeni. Amapulazi ahlangene ahlala kanye nemifula yangasese yokulala - empeleni abalimi abazimele behlobo olusentshonalanga. Babeyizilwane ezizijabulisa, ezathola imali eningi emzaneni. Ngesikhathi esifanele, uStalin's socialism ayizange ibe nomkhawulo wemisebenzi yabo.

Ngo-1929, ngomnyaka weshumi nambili we-Revolution ka-Okthoba, unobhala jikelele weqembu wakhipha isihloko esithi "Unyaka Wokuphulwa Okukhulu". Kulo, uStalin umemezele ukuqala kwesiteji esisha sezomnotho emaphandleni. NgoDisemba, wakhipha esidlangalaleni isikhalazo sokungavumeli ukulahlwa, kepha ukulibhubhisa njengeklasi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwala mazwi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo" kulandelwe.

I-Dekulakization

Ukuqedela ukuhlanganiswa, iziphathimandla zasebenzisa izindlela ezifana nezempi. Amaqembu ase-communist agitators athunyelwa emadolobheni. Uma, ngemva kokukhala ngokuthula, umlimi wakuleli akazange ahambe epulazini elihlangene futhi akazange ashiye ipulazi lakhe elilodwa, waphendulwa. Le ndawo yathathwa.

Abalayi babengabanikazi abasebenzisa abasebenzi abaqashiwe, abathengisa emikhiqizweni, abanamakhokhethi noma ama-windmills. Ngokuphelele, abalimi abangaba ngu-15-20% "basebenze", ababengafuni ukuya emapulazini ahlangene. Abaningi babo, kanye nemindeni yabo, bathunyelwa emakamu, emajele kanye nasekuthunjweni. Abahlali abakhethekile babenqatshelwe amalungelo abo omphakathi.

"Isizungu esivela empumelelweni"

Isibonelo eside seStalinist senhlalo yezenhlalakahle sabonakala ngesihluku esingenakuphulukiswa. Izitho zomphakathi zendawo kanye namaphephandaba afuna "ifa" ngokungangabazi ukugqugquzela inzondo ekilasini-izilwane zasendle kanye nabanye abaphikisana nabo. Abalimi basekhaya kanye nomakhelwane babo abavame ukuphikiswa. Babulala ama-communist athumele futhi abaqoqela abahlanganyeli, babalekela emizini, bafaka emapulazini aqoqele umlilo, banquma izinkomo zabo. Uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezihlomile lwaluvele luvele. Akuzange kuthathe uhlamvu oluhleliwe, futhi maduzane isimo sokuphikiswa kwesimo sombuso.

Umzana osenkathi yeSoviet wahlushwa hhayi kuphela nguStalin's socialism. Ukwethulwa kwesabelo esengeziwe ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, lapho abakhiqizi bezolimo bebophezelekile ukuba bathathe ingxenye yokuvuna kwabo kuhulumeni, futhi bawashaya kanzima ku-aggregate. Ngezinye izikhathi amaBolsheviks ayeshintsha ukucindezela nokunciphisa ekucindezelekeni kwabo emzaneni.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1930, uStalin, esaba ngenxa yokuphikisana nezikhali zokudla, wabhala isihloko sokuxoxisana esithi "Vertigo kusuka empumelelo". Izinga lokubambisana lalinganciphisa. Ingxenye enkulu yabalimi bashiya amapulazi ahlangene. Noma kunjalo, ekwindla ukuphindaphinda kuphinda kuqalwe. Isigaba esisebenzayo sokubambisana saphela ngo-1932, futhi ngo-1937 amapulazi ahlangene ahlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-93 amafesimali asezimbini.

Ukuhlanza izinsiza ezivela emzaneni

Izici eziningi zikaStalin's socialism kwakuwumkhiqizo omubi wobuqili nobudlova. Ukucindezeleka kwakulungiswa ukwakhiwa komphakathi omusha kanye nokulindela kwekusasa elikhazimulayo. Esinye sezimpawu ezisemqoka zomnotho wezenhlalakahle emzaneni kwakuyiziteshi zeMTS - umshini kanye netrakta. Zaba khona ngo-1928-1958. I-MTS yanikeza amapulazi ahlangene ngemishini entsha.

Isibonelo, isikhungo sokwakhiwa kwetrakta yeSoviet kwakunguStalingrad, okwakhiwa kwefektri ngenkathi impi iphinda ishintshwe embonini yamathangi. Amapulazi aqoqeshwe akhokhe umshini wombuso ngemikhiqizo yawo. Ngakho-ke, i-MTS iphumelele kahle imithombo evela emzaneni. Phakathi nezinhlelo zokuqala zeminyaka emihlanu, i-USSR ithumela ngokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe. Uhwebo aluzange luyeke ngisho nangenkathi enkulu yindlala emapulazini ahlangene. Imali esetshenziselwa ukuthengiswa kokusanhlamvu nezinye izitshalo kwasetshenziswa uhulumeni ngokuqhutshwa kokuqhutshwa kokuphoqelelwa kokuphoqelelwa nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisha sezempi-ezimbonini.

Ukuphumelela komnotho wokugqugquzela ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaholela enhlekeleleni kwezolimo. Ubuningi bezilwane ezihamba phambili, abafundela nokubhala abakhuthele futhi babambe iqhaza babhujiswa, kanti inhlangano entsha yokubambisana iqhaza ekuhlaseleni kwabalimi. Ukulwa nezimbambo kunquma izinkomo ezingu-26 zezigidi (cishe 45%). Ukubuyiselwa kwesibalo sabathatha iminyaka engama-30. Ngisho nemishini entsha yezolimo ayizange ivumele ukuletha izitshalo ngisho nezikhathi ze-NEP. Izibalo azifinyelelwanga ngomsebenzi ophezulu, kodwa ngokunyuka kwama-acreage.

I-Splicing State ne-Party

Maphakathi nawo-1930, ukuhlalisana kobudlelwane obubambe iqhaza kwabonakala ku-USSR. Iminyaka yenqubomgomo yokucindezela ishintshe umphakathi. Kodwa-ke, i-apogee yokucindezeleka yawela engxenyeni yesibili yama-1930, futhi yaphela ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yempi ezayo neJalimane.

Isici esibalulekile samandla obumbene kwaba ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuthano yeqembu kanye nohulumeni - iqembu lilawula ngokugcwele umsebenzi wezomthetho nenkantolo, futhi iqembu ngokwalo lalinomuntu oyedwa emigodini yamagundane . Sekuphelele, uStalin waqhuba ama-waves amaningi okuhlanza kwangaphakathi. Ngezikhathi ezahlukene babegxila kwiqembu noma ezempi, kodwa bafika ezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Phenya ku-Party ne-Army

Ukucindezelwa kwenziwa ngosizo lwezikhathi eziningana kwashintsha igama lezinsizakalo ezikhethekile (OGPU-NKVD-MGB). Umbuso waqala ukulawula yonke imikhakha yemisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nokuphila, kusukela emidlalweni kanye nobuciko kuya kwemibono. Ukuze udale "umugqa owodwa" uStalin wayelokhu esebenzelana nabo bonke abaphikisana naye ngaphakathi kweqembu. BabengamaBolsheviks esizukulwaneni esidala, abesazi ukuthi uNobhala Jikelele unenguquko engemthetho. Abantu abanjengoKamenev, iZinoviev, Bukharin ("Abalindi bakaLenin"), bonke babo babezisulu zokulingwa kwamabonakaliso, lapho baqashelwa obala njengababheki eMlandland.

Ukuphakama kokucindezelwa ngokumelene namaqembu eqembu kwenzeka ngo-1937-1938. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakukhona ukuhlanza e-Red Army. Isakhiwo sayo sonke somyalo sabhujiswa. UStalin wayesaba amasosha, ebheka njengosongo emandleni akhe kuphela. Akukhona nje kuphela abaphezulu, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo somyalo esiphezulu sahlupheka. Ochwepheshe abafanelekile ababenolwazi kuMpi Yombango cishe babonakala. Konke lokhu kwaba nomthelela omubi ebuthweni, okwakuyiminyaka embalwa nje kwadingeka ukuba ingene empini yayo enkulu.

Ukulwa nezilokazane kanye nezitha zabantu

Izinqubo zokuqala zokubonakalisa ezahlukumezeka kulo lonke izwe zenzeka ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920. Lokho kwakuyi-"icala le-Shakhty" nokuhlolwa kwe "Industrial Party". Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kanye nobunjiniyela babhekene nokucindezelwa. UJoseph Stalin, owayenamakhosi emikhankaso yamaphephandaba, wayekuthanda kakhulu ama-clichés amakhulu nezinqamuleli. Ukusuka kwakhe, imibono nezimpawu zaleso sikhathi zavela "njengezinambuzane", "izitha zabantu", "ama-cosmopolitans".

Ukuphendukela ekucindezelweni kwakungu-1934. Ngaphambi kwalokho, umbuso wawusongela abantu, futhi manje uthathe amalungu eqembu lesithonjana. Ngalo nyaka i-XVII Congress yadlula, eyaziwa ngokuthi "iCongress of the executed". Kwavotelwa unobhala omusha jikelele. UStalin uphinde ukhethwa, kodwa abaningi abazange basekele ukhetho lwakhe. Inani elibalulekile lenhlangano yonke lalingabhekwa njengeSergei Kirov. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wadutshulwa ngumsebenzi wezisebenzi ezingalingani uNikolayev eSmolny. UStalin wasebenzisa insimu ye-Kirov oshonile, okwenza kube uphawu olungcwele. Umkhankaso wasungulwa kwabaculi nabaqambi abanobudlova, njengoba, njengoba inkulumo-ze echazwe, yabulala ilungu elibalulekile leqembu futhi lase lizolibhubhisa.

Kwakukhona amalebula amakhulu ezombangazwe: Abagcini Abalandeli, amaZinovievites, amaTrotskyites. Ama-secret agents agents "avuliwe" izinhlangano ezintsha eziyimfihlo ezazizama ukulimaza izwe kanye neqembu. Imisebenzi ye-Anti-Soviet nayo yayibangelwa abantu abangahleliwe, okwenzeka ngokungahambi kahle, bewile ngaphansi kwe-skating skating yomshini wokuqeda. Eminyakeni esabekayo kakhulu yokwesaba, i-NKVD ivumile ukuthi izindinganiso zabantu zidubule futhi ziboshwa, yiziphi iziphathimandla zendawo okufanele zisebenze ngokuzikhandla. Ukuziphendulela kwaqhutshwa ngaphansi kwamagama okulwa nomzabalazo weklasini (lo mbono wawususwe phambili ukuthi ukuphumelela ngokwakha ukwakha ubuhlanga, umlingo wokulwa nomkhakha wezemfundo uzoba).

UStalin akazange futhi akhohlwe ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekile ngokwezidingo ezikhethekile ngokwabo, ezandleni zabo futhi enza izinhlupho eziningi nokuhlolwa. I-NKVD ihlangabezane nemikhankaso eminingi enjalo. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwabo izinhloko eziyingozi kakhulu kulo mnyango - Yezhov noYagoda. Umbuso nawo wagcina iso kwi-intelligentsia. Babengabalobi, izibalo ze-cinema kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini (Mandelstam, Babel, Meyerhold), kanye nabasunguli, abacwaningisi kanye nabaqambi (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

Ukuhlalisana kukaStalin kwaphela ekufeni komholi ngo-1953, kulandelwa ukuhlakulela kwentando yeningi kaKhrushchev neBrzhnev. E-USSR, ukuhlolwa kwalezo zenzakalo kwashintsha kuye ngokuhlanganiswa. Ukufika emandleni Khrushchev kwi-XX Congress ye-CPSU yalahla inkolo yobuntu bukaStalin nokucindezelwa kwakhe. Ngaphansi kweBrezhnev, imibono esemthethweni isetshenziselwa isibalo somholi onesihenqo.