Umlando we-oda lomoya kanye nekhono. Umlando wokudalwa kwezimiso ezingokomoya nezama-knightly

Ukuvela kwama-oda angokomoya kanye nekhandla kubhekisela ezikhathini zeMpi Yenkolo, eyayihlela iSonto LamaKatolika kusukela ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Umgomo wawulungile: ukukhululwa kwePalestina neSepulcher Engcwele eJerusalema, kodwa imisebenzi ehambisana nayo yayingabizi: kokubili amaKatolika aphezulu kanye namaKhrisadesi ngokwabo ayedinga amazwe amasha futhi efisa ingcebo yemidolobha yasempumalanga.

Imfundo yama-oda angokomoya kanye nama-knightly

Ngenkathi inqaba yaseJerusalema izinikela ngesihe somnqobi ngo-1099, uPapa wambusisa ukudalwa kwezinhlangano ezintsha ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuvikelwe kokubili impahla yobuKristu kanye nabahambeli ngokwabo kusuka kumaSulumane asekhaya. Isisekelo sase sidalwe ngalesosikhathi - ubuzalwane obuhlukahlukene bobuzalwane, okuvela kuwo ama-Hospitallers, i-Templars kanye namanye amanye amamoya angokomoya.

Kwakunzima ukuvumelanisa lezi ezimbili ngokuphambene, ngokusho kwemiBhalo Engcwele, ukuxosha - ukukhonza uNkulunkulu nemisebenzi yezempi, lapho kwakufanele sibulale khona. Kodwa ngekhulu le-12 leminyaka umlando wokuhlelwa ngokomoya nangokwenene wawusakhulile nama-ideologists, abavumelananga nje kuphela indalo, kodwa futhi nendlela yokuphila yama-knights-ama-crusaders.

Izifungo ezingcwele

I-knight engena kulo myalelo yaba umonakalo, iletha izifungo zobumpofu, ukulalela, ukuhlanzeka, ukungahambisani namakholwa kanye nokugcwaliseka komsebenzi wokungenisa izihambi. Umfelandawonye, owajoyina lo myalelo, waba umonisi wezempi. Kodwa-ke, abadayisi kanye nombuthano weziqalo bahlale behlala nabo, iqembu elihlukile. Eminye yale miyalo yamukele ngisho nabesifazane abaphakathi kwabo.

Isiyalo kwakuyibutho, konke kwalalela inhloko - inkosi enkulu, umphathi omkhulu, owayekwazi ukugcina irekhodi kuphela ngaphambi koPapa. Ababusi, lapho amazwe abo okwakhiwa khona ngokomoya nangokwenyama (i-Templars nanoma imuphi omunye), uma bengabhalanga, babengenalo ilungelo lokuvota, bangabi namyalo.

Isikhundla sobukhosi

Umlando wokuhlelwa ngokomoya nangokwenyama wabhalwa ematafuleni akhethekile. Kusukela ekutheni i-monastic futhi ivela komunye nomunye imiyalo ye-knightly ihluke ekugqokeni nasezimisweni zayo, okwakushiwo uPapa ngesignesha . Kodwa, ngokungafani ne-monastic, izinkampani zama-knights-amakhokithi ashesha kakhulu, njengoba kudingwa yimpi eqhubekayo.

Ama-Knights awaphanga kuphela amadolobha namadolobha asempumalanga, aphula imithetho eminingi kaKristu: ayebolekisa ngenzalo, axhaphaza izakhamuzi zendawo, futhi ahlanganyela ekuhwebeni ngezigqila. Futhi babecebile ngokungapheli. I-knight-crusader yekhulu lesishiyagalolunye yayihlukile komfowabo ngomnyaka weshumi nantathu njengesibhakabhaka esivela emhlabeni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, njengoba sekucebile, ama-oda amaningi akha imali kwisayensi.

Ilungu ngalinye le-oda linesimo esithile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungabonakala ngokugqoka (okuzinikezele kuphela). I-Templars isembatho esimhlophe esinesiphambano esibomvu, i-Hospitallers emnyama, ama-knights we-Teutonic Order emhlophe nge-cross cross.

Umlando wokuhlelwa ngokomoya nangokwenyama kubonisa ukuthi ngo-1146 kuphela ukuthi isiphambano esikhethekile sokugqoka izingubo zamapapa savunyelwa ukuthunga isiphambano esikhethekile, hhayi konke ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa kuphela kuphela ama-knights ahloniphekile kakhulu egazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho izinhlangano zempi zicebisa kakhulu umnotho hhayi nje kuphela we-Order, kodwa futhi nama-knights ahlukene, ukunethezeka ngisho nezingubo azizange zihlale zilindile.

Imiyalo emithathu eyinhloko

Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi neshumi nanhlanu, umlando wokuhlelwa ngokomoya nangokwenyama ngesikhathi seMpike yempi ichaza imiyalo engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, ezintathu zazo - ezicebile kakhulu, ezinamandla futhi ezinamandla kakhulu. Babenenhlanhla enkulu kangangokuthi babenomona ngamakhosi. Nakhu lokhu okuphawulekayo kathathu:

• I-Order ye-Hospitallers (Ioannites).
• I-oda le-Templars (i-Templars).
• I-Teutonic (isiJalimane) oda.

Umlando we-oda lomoya kanye nekhono lolokubhalwa hhayi kuphela ezweni elingcwele. Abahlaseli bezempi bahlanganyela ezimpini kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba wamaKristu. ESpain, owokuqala ukuqala ukulwa kwakuyizintambo ze-Hospitaller ne-Templar, futhi amaTeuton agcwalisa lonke elaseCentral naseNyakatho Yurophu. EMpumalanga Yurophu, inkazimulo yabo yempi, kodwa yaphela (khumbula uLwandle Peipsi no-Alexander Nevsky).

Umlando we-Knights Templar Order

Inhlanhla enkulu yavumela ama-oda ukuthenga amazwe angcono kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Njengombonakaliso wamandla, i-Templars, ngokwesibonelo, yenze imali yazo ihamba ngokukhululekile kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izinhlamvu zemali zazenziwe ngesiliva negolide, futhi kwakuningi kangangokuthi ama-Templars abizwa ngokutholakala kwe-alchemical, isibonelo, ukukhishwa kwegolide kusuka ekuholeni ...

Le nhlangano ingasinda isikhathi eside. Ezingu-1118 ezikude, amaviki ayisishiyagalolunye aseFrance aholwa nguHugues de Payen noJoffroy de Saint-Ome ahlala evikela umgwaqo oya eJerusalema evela eMedithera emva kokuqala komkhosi. Okokuqala, abahambi abangamaKristu abaphangi nabaphangi. Kusukela eNkosini yaseJerusalema iBaldwin, bathola indawo yokuhlala, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi iThempeli Lendlu, eyakhiwa endaweni yesethempelini lasendulo likaSolomoni. Le oda linamagama amaningana:

• I-oda lama-knights abampofu (noma abafowabo) yethempeli laseJerusalema (noma iThempeli likaSolomoni).
• I-Order ye-Templars.
• I-Order ye-Knights Templar.

Umqulu

Labo abafisa ukujoyina i-Order of the Knights kwakumelwe babe yizindela - zithobekile, zihluphekile futhi zingashadile. Nokho, kwakungumsebenzi ophumelele kakhulu. Umlando we-oda lomoya kanye nekhono uthi umqulu wakhe ungomunye wemigomo eqinile kakhulu futhi eqinile, futhi uSast Bernard ngokwakhe uwaklama, futhi uPapa Eugene III ngo-1128, okungukuthi, emva kweminyaka eyishumi yobukhona obungekho emthethweni, wazimisela yena.

Esikhathini se-Order of the Knights Templar umqeqeshi wayephoqelekile ukuba akhohlwe wonke umhlaba, kuhlanganise nezihlobo, ukuba adle kuphela isinkwa namanzi, agqoke izingubo ezilula kakhulu nezambatho. Wayengeke abe nempahla. Uma ezitholakala ezintweni zakhe emva kokufa, igolide noma isiliva itholakale, wayengenalo indawo ezweni elingcwabeni lamathuna.

Noma kunjalo, konke lokhu akuvimbeli ama-Templars ukuba abe ngabakhilima ngaphambi kokukhipha, ukuzijabulisa nokudakwa. Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kubhaliwe ngaleso sikhathi, isibonelo, inkaba "Ivanhoe" kaWalter Scott, silondoloze iqiniso lezomlando elitholakala emibhalweni yemlando.

Hlanganisa emakilasini nasezibonisweni ezihlukile

Izakhiwo ze-Templars zazingekho. Yilokho, yilolu hlelo oludingekayo lwenhlangano. Umlando we-oda lomoya kanye nekhono usilondoloze izigaba ezintathu: ama-knights, abapristi nama-sergeants okuthiwa yi-sergeants, ahlanganisa zonke izigaba ezingezansi: amakhasi, ama-squires, amasosha, izinceku, abalindi, njalonjalo.

Kumele kuvunywe ukuthi ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa okwehlukana, izifungo ze-monastic zamukelwa konke, futhi izimiso zazingenakulinganiswa ngokulinganayo. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona okuningi okwehlukile emithethweni.

Kuwo wonke ama-knights we-Templar, ijazi elimhlophe, elifana nesigqoko, kwakuyisibophezelo ngesiphambano esinombala obomvu esine-Maltese. Ama-sergeants agqoke ensundu, isiphambano sasifanayo. Ukuze ufunde i-Templar emgwaqweni omkhulu, kungenzeka nge-cry cry "Bosean!", Futhi ngefulege - indwangu emnyama nomhlophe nesiqubulo ngesiLatini - "Akusikho, Nkosi" (amagama okuqala avela evesini lesishiyagalolunye lehubo eliyikhulu neshumi nesishiyagalolunye).

Isibonakaliso se-Templars sasiyimpawu nje yobumpofu: sichaza ama-knights amabili kuhhashi elilodwa. Uma i-knight yayiya enkundleni yempi, wabe esethatha isiphambano esifubeni sakhe, futhi ngemuva kwakhe wabuya. Isitayela, ukusika, ubukhulu kanye nezinto zokugqoka, kanye nendawo yesiphambano, wayevame ukhetha.

Ukubambisana kwezwe nokufunda

Ama-Knights Templars ekuqaleni anganikela kuphela umFulentshi ongokoqobo. Kamuva kancane leli thuba lamukelwa yiBrithani. Noma kunjalo, amaK Knights aba yiSpain, amaNtaliyane noFlemings. Ama-knights kuphela ayengathatha isikhundla esiphambili - kusukela ku-Master Master noMphathi wezizinda eziya eKashtelian, i-capitulier, i-draper.

Ama-sergeants aqala ukuhlala emadolobheni abathandekayo, abaphethe izikhundla ezinhle njengabagcini bamasheya, izigceme, abaphathi nabasitolo. Lokho okwakunqoba kakhulu kwaba izinceku, amasosha noma abaqaphi.

Ababhishobhi besonto lamaRoma kanye noPapa ngokwakhe babengenakukwazi ukuphatha abapristi be-Order. Ukuhlelwa ngokomoya kwe-Templars kwakudinga ukuba abapristi babo bathumele izidingo ezingokomoya, naphezu kokuthi zonke i-Knights of the Order zinikezwe amalungelo omuntu ovuma. Ukuvuma nokuhlanganyela kanye namalungu e-Order kungathunyelwa ngumpristi we-oda kuphela, ngoba izimfihlo eziningi zazivikelwe eSontweni LamaRoma Katolika.

Naphezu kwemithetho eqinile nempilo yomshado, i-Knights Templar yaqala ukuthandwa. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, amanye ama-knights amathathu ajoyina ama-knights ayisishiyagalolunye, phakathi kwabo abaningi ababeba nomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuvamile, inani lama-sergeants landa futhi.

Uphi i-droushka?

Ukuvumelana ne-oda kuhlinzeke kokubili ukuvikeleka komuntu siqu nokukhuphuka kombuso. Ukucasula ilungu le-oda kwakungenakwenzeka. "Omunye kubo bonke" - isiqubulo, ozelwe kude kumsketeer wokuqala.

Isimemezelo esimemezelwe yilowo ocelayo sasicebile ngokushesha. Futhi hhayi nje ngoba ababusi babesithatha ingcebo engapheli kuye. Imizana yonke, imizi, amasonto, izinqaba, izindlu zezindela zagcina zaba yi-Order. Ngokuthobeka bamnika intela nezintela. Iqiniso liwukuthi I-Templar Order ye-spirituel-knight yayenzelwe inzuzo.

Akuzona amaJuda, kodwa i-Knights Templar yakha uhlelo lwebhange laseYurophu. Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, amaJuda ayengabaguquli emgwaqweni kuphela, kanti ama-Templars asevele anesimiso sesikweletu, izikweletu, imali. Abenzanga nje kuphela ngegolide kodwa nangezibambiso.

Isuka esiphambanweni

I-Templars yaqashelwa njengabahlubuki abakhulu kakhulu abathwele isiphambano sikaKristu. Lokhu kwakunjalo ngo-Okthoba 1240, lapho amaSulumane aseDamaseku naseGibhithe bephikisana, amaKhrisadusi athatha uhlangothi lwaseGibhithe, ephothula lesi sivumelwano ngesivumelwane, futhi ayitholanga iJerusalema kuphela, kodwa futhi cishe wonke iPalestine. Igazi! Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Templars, ehlele iDamaseku, yahlaselwa abaseGibithe, kanye neTeutonic Knights ne-Hospitallers. Futhi babenonya kunamaSulumane namaJuda. Igazi lafinyelela amahhashi kuya emadolweni, njengoba umlando we-Knight Templar Knighthood uthi. Ngisho nabazalwane beCrefader babengavunyelwe ukumbela abafileyo babo. Ngo-1243 amaSulumane aphindisela ama-Templars ngokugcwele futhi abuyele eJerusalema, ekhulula amaTeutri amathathu kuphela, ahlala e-Hospitallers angamashumi amabili nesithupha kanye nezi Templars ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu ziphila.

Imikhosi eqhubekayo yayiningi kakhulu, ngakho ayiphumelelanga. Ngo-1298, uJacques de Molay waba nguMfundisi Omkhulu we-oda. Umbono wezinkolo zempi waphuma, okushiwo ukuba khona kwamakholi ezempi kwacaca. I-Teutonic Order yayisenomsebenzi omncane - ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye. Kodwa ama-Templars azizwa engakhululekile ukuhlala ngalezo zinduna amakhosi angazange aziphuphe. Ithempeli lokuqala lahlala emhlabeni wamaSulumane, futhi i-spirituality knight Templar Order yayihlala yokuhlala eKyprus - kwakhiwe isiphephelo samaKristu awakwazi ukuhamba ePalestina, kodwa ayengalindelekile eYurophu.

Abaphangi

UKarl Valois, umfowabo weNkosi uPhilip the Beautiful, waqala impi ngeByzantium. NgamaKristu aseGreki, kwakungelula ukulwa kunamaSulumane. I-Templars, esikhundleni sokulwa no-Andronicus, idlula ogwini lwaseThesalonika kuze kube seThrace naseMoravia, lapho ubuKatolika buvele bubuse khona.

Ukuvunwa kweTemplar kwacebile. Kodwa amakhosi aseYurophu ayethukuthele. Ubani onesithakazelo sokuba nenani lamandla emasotini ayizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ahlomile futhi ahlome empini, ngaphandle kokuhlukumezeka, ukuhlukumezeka nokulawulwa ngobuqili? Futhi-ke, ukuhaha kwakudlala indima yayo: ama-Templars ayengabonakali, acebile ngokungaqondakali.

Ngo-1307, uPhilip Handsome wakhipha isimemezelo sokuboshwa kwazo zonke iziTemplars ezweni. Iziboshwa zazihlushwa kabi, zashiswa esigxotsheni. Umgcinimafa weFrance uye waphinde wagcwalisa. Umlando wokuhlelwa ngokomoya kwe Knights Templar kwaphela.