Umlando wendalo kanye nencazelo ejwayelekile yeKhowudi yoMthetho ka-1550

Ikhodi Yomthetho ka-Ivan IV waseGrozny yahlanganiswa ngo-1550. Kwakusekelwe encwadini edlule, ebhalwe eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili ngaphasi kwe-Ivan III. Ikhodi entsha yemithetho yaba isenzo sokuqala somthetho esisemthethweni emlandweni we-Ancient Rus, owawubhekwa njengomthombo owodwa wemithetho yezinqubo. Incazelo ejwayelekile ye-Code of Law ka-1550, efaka incazelo emfushane yezinhlinzeko zayo eziyinhloko, ithulwe kulesi sihloko.

Imfuneko yokudala idokhumenti entsha

Emakhulwini e-XV-XVI inqubo yokwakhiwa nokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRussia iphelile, futhi isimo esisodwa sendawo sitholakala. Manje wonke amandla ayegxila eMoscow futhi esesandleni sikaMkhulukazi. Ukusuka lapho wabusa wonke amazwe akhe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakunezinguquko ezibalulekile empikiswaneni yobunikazi bomhlaba, kusukela esikhathini sokufika kwamakhosi. Lezi zinguquko zaholela ekwenzeni ukuthi imithetho eyamukelwa ngaphambilini ayengeke isakwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele ubuhlobo obusha obuvelele emkhakheni wezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kube nesidingo sokwakha umthombo obuyekeziwe futhi ophelele wobudlelwane bomthetho, ongaqondiswa ekwenzeni izinqumo ngendaba ethile. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezidingekayo zokuvela kohlelo olusha lwe-Code kwakuyizinguquko ezenziwa ngu-Ivan the Terrible, nokungahlehlisi kwemithetho eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesidingo sokucacisa ezinye zezihloko zakhe.

Inhloso yokwakha idokhumenti entsha, eyayiyi-Code of Law ka-1550, isishwankathelo sayo esizonikezwa ngezansi, kwakuwukuvala izikhala eziningi zekhodi engasebenzi. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokufaka ngokungeziwe ngezenzo zamanje zomthetho zanamuhla.

Ukwakha i-Code of Law ebuyekeziwe

Iminyaka eyikhulu ka- Ivan the Terrible yahambisana nesikhathi lapho i-Code of Law yahlanganiswa ngo-1550. Umlando wokudalwa kwale dokhumenti kanje: ngaphansi kwethonya likafundisi uSylvester, futhi futhi ngosizo lwabeluleki abacebisi abuthana nxazonke zombusi, i-tsar yaqala ukwenza izinguquko. Ukuqala kokuqaliswa kwazo kuhlobene nekhamera elihle, eliseMoscow ngo-1550-1551. Kwakuye kuye i-Code yangaphambilini ye-1497 ehlelwe. Ezingqikithi eziyi-100 ezikhona kulo mbhalo omusha, u-37 wabonakala kuphela ngokufika kwamandla ka-Ivan the Terrible. Umbhalo oyisisekelo wekhodi endala uqhubekile ukucubungula.

Isifinyezo

Phakathi nekhulu le-XVI eRussia, izihloko zomthetho omusha zenza ubuhlobo babantu hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nombuso. Bonke bafaka ikhodi yomthetho ka-1550. Isifinyeto kanye nencazelo yezihloko zayo eziyinhloko kubonisa indlela ebuyekeziwe ekudalweni kwayo, uma kuqhathaniswa namakhodi okuqala. Ikhodi Yomthetho ka-Ivan owesabekayo ihlanganisa imigomo yomphakathi, impahla, umthwalo wemfanelo, ifa, umthetho wobugebengu, kanye nokuchazwa kwezinqubo zokusesha nezokuhlola.

Izidingo eziyisisekelo

U-Ivan The Terrible nabafowabo kanye nama-boyars asondelene nawo athola i-Code of Law ka-1550. Ukuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko kwalolu dokhumenti kuqinisekisile isiko langaphambili, ngokusho ukuthi, ngaphezu kwababusi abamiswe yi-tsar, abadala kanye nalabo okuthiwa tselovalniki, okungukuthi, ama-jurors abanga isiphambano, babekhona. Babengabahlanganyeli abasemthethweni nabangunaphakade kulezinqubo. Ngaphezu kwababusi, izivumelwano kufanele zihlanganiswe nabalunga bakaZemstvo. La maphepha ayebhekwa njengento evumelekile kuphela ngemva kokuba asayinwe yi-headman nabapheki. Abaphathi nabasizi babo - abakwaTyuns babengenakubopha muntu ngaphandle kokubalula izizathu zokuboshwa.

E-Sudebnik, ukunakwa okukhethekile kuhokhelwe uhulumeni wasekhaya nendawo. Izinguquko zithinte ikakhulukazi ubuholi bendawo, kodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa uhlelo lokudala lokudla lwalugcinwe.

Izici ezijwayelekile ze-Code of Law ka-1550 zihlanganisa ingxenye yenhlalo yomthetho omusha. Isebenza ngezinkinga ezimbili eziyinhloko - abantu abaxhomekile, ababeyi-serfs nabalimi, kanye nomhlaba. Idokhumenti entsha yenzelwe ukuthuthukisa inqubo yobulungiswa futhi yenze ukuba ihlolwe ngabamele bendawo.

Ngekhulu le-16, ukuxhashazwa kwamandla abantu abaqokwe umbuso, kanye nabahluleli, kwakusakazeke. Lesi simo asikwazi kodwa siboniswe kwiKhodi yeMithetho yamaTsar. Le dokhumenti iqukethe izihloko ezithi amajaji angeke athathe izithembiso, abuyisele futhi abe abangane nomunye nomunye. Kodwa-ke, ukuvinjelwa kwakungavamile futhi kwaphazamiseka, ngenxa yokungalaleli kwakudingeka kube isijeziso esiwusizo kakhulu: umholo wehlawulo, ukuboshwa noma ukubetha.

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zeKhodi yoMthetho ka-1550 ngeke ziphelele, uma kungenjalo ukusho ngesimo esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu. Ijaji lalingenalo ilungelo lokuthumela abaphikisi kuye ngaphambi kokuba aqonde ukuthi kungani isikhalazo sabo sibhekene naso. Uma lesi sikhulu singazange sigcwalise kahle imisebenzi yakhe futhi la maqiniso okuhlukumezeka afinyelela enkosini, khona-ke uNgqongqoshe wezomthetho angazibophezela.

Izindlela Zomthetho Wabasebenzi

Kwakudingeka ukulawula futhi kuthuthukise konke ubudlelwane obunzima bomphakathi nezomnotho. Izikhonzi zakhe zingabambisana, ezihlanganisa abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu, nabantu abazimele. Zonke izici kule ndawo zazilawulwa yiKhowudi yoMthetho ka-1550. Amalungelo ezindawo angatholakala ngokusebenzisa isivumelwano, ukuthunjwa, umklomelo, ukutholakala noma udokotela.

Indlela evamile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi ukuthola amalungelo empahla kwakuyisivumelwano. Wavalelwa phakathi nekhulu le-XVI kuphela ngomlomo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka inkontileka isivele ikhona ngesimo sokuthengiselana esibhaliwe, okuthiwa ubugqila. Idokhumenti enjalo isayinwe ngabanye ngamaqembu aphoqelekile. Uma bengakwazi ukufunda, leli phepha lalisayinwa yizihlobo zabo noma obaba abangokomoya.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakukhona i-serf noma uhlobo lokuthengiselana, ngaphansi kwezivumelwano eziphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwezindlu zangasese, zaqala ukusebenza ngemuva kokuba zibhaliswe.

Umthetho wefa

Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kwayo emakhulwini amane neshumi nanye neshumi nesithupha kwakungeyona kuphela ukukhuliswa kwezindlalifa eziningi, kodwa futhi nokuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo abo empahla. Futhi lokhu ngezindlela eziningi kwanikezela ekwenzeni ikhodi entsha yomthetho ka-1550. Ngamafuphi, ukuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko koMthetho wefa kungenziwa ngendlela elandelayo: kwenza kube lula ukwenza intando kunoma yiluphi ilunga lomndeni. Yayibhalwa phansi, yabhalwa phambi komdikoni namahemuhemu.

Umbuthano wezindlalifa ngaphansi kwalowo mthetho wawunabantwana futhi abashadile basinda. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, yayihlanganisa nezinye izihlobo. Isibonelo, uma bekukhathalela ifa lamazwe okhokho. Yilabo kuphela amadodana abahlala ngesikhathi sokufa kwekhanda lomndeni ekhaya angathola isabelo sabo sempahla. Abazalwane kwakufanele bazuze ngezingxenye ezilinganayo. Uma umndeni wawungewona nje amadodana, kodwa futhi namadodakazi, lo wesifazane wayengenalo ilungelo lokuthengisa impahla.

Usuku lukaYuryev

Ikhodi yangaphambilini yemithetho ephathelene nokudluliswa komuzi wendawo ukusuka komunye umuzi ukuya kwenye, futhi kusukela kumnikazi wendawo yakudala kuya kwesinye, yawela kwi-Code of Law ka-1550. Abasimilayo bavunyelwe ukwenza ukunyakaza okunjalo kuphela esikhathini esibekiwe - ekwindla ngesonto ngaphambi kweSt George's Day nangesikhathi esifanayo emva kwalo. Lokhu kunikeze ilungelo lokukhetha umnikazi womhlaba omuhle futhi, kufanele kuqashelwe, abaningi basebenzise, beshiya kubanikazi ababi.

Kungani ukunyakaza okunjalo kwenzeka ekwindla? Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi lapho ukuvuna sekuphelile, ukudluliselwa kwezilwane kusuka kwendoda yangaphambili kuze kube entsha kwakungenabuhlungu kubo bobabili. Imvelo yezobudlelwane bomhlaba ibeka umkhawulo wokubambisana phakathi kwezinyathelo ezinjalo. Isibonelo, umninimzi wayengenalo ilungelo lokushayela umlimi ezweni eliqashisiwe ngaphambi kokuvuna, futhi abalimi behluleka ukushiya inkosi yakhe ngaphandle kokukhokha naye ngemuva kokuphela kokuvuna. Ngakho-ke, umthetho wasungula isikhathi esicacile, lapho izinhlangothi zombili kwakudingeka zikhokhelwe.

Umthetho wezobugebengu

Ngenxa yombhalo omusha owamukelwa ngu-Ivan the Terrible, imithetho ethile iye yazishintsha kakhulu. Umthetho wezobugebengu wawungeyona into ehlukile. I-Code of Law ka-1550, ngokungafani neyaphambilini, ichaza ubugebengu hhayi njengokuthuka, okungukuthi, kubangela ukulimala kokuziphatha noma ukulimala eqenjini labantu noma ngabanye, kodwa baqala ukuzihlukanisa njengezenzo ezingekho emthethweni ezenzelwe uhulumeni. Ngakho-ke, icala lobugebengu lalibhekwa njengokungahambisani nemithethonqubo, izinqubo ezisungulwe, kanye nokungahambisani nentando yenkosi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamacala

Esikhathini sokuqala i-Sudebnik entsha yaqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlukumeza. Esigabeni esiphezulu kwakukhona ubugebengu obubhekiswe kuhulumeni. Okokuqala, babedlubulunda - ukukhashelwa kwezwe labo noma isikhulu, befaka ugobe, bacele ukuvukela umbuso noma ukuvukela umbuso.

Esiteji esingezansi kwakungekho ukuziphatha okungalungile kanye namacala awenziwe ngokulandelana kukahulumeni kanye ngqo nenkantolo. Lokhu kungaba isifumbathiso, ukukhohlisa, ubufakazi obungamanga, ukukhwabanisa, njalonjalo.

Okulandelayo kwafika izenzo zobugebengu ezenziwe kumuntu. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukubulala nokuhlambalaza ngesenzo noma igama. Ukugcina kwakuyizehlakalo zomhlaba: ukuthumba isigqila, ukweba, ukuphanga nokuphanga.

Izindlela zokukhokha ubugebengu

Ikhodi Yomthetho ka-1550 yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu isimiso sokujeziswa kwezigxeko ezizimele, futhi yafakaza ezintsha - ukuzihlukanisa nokwesatshiswa komenzi wobugebengu. Isijeziso esibuhlungu kunazo zonke kwaba yisijeziso sokufa. NguMbusi kuphela owayengakukhansela. Isijeziso esinzima kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhweba kwezebhizinisi, lapho imakethe yommangalelwa ibethwa ngesibhamu. Ezinye izijeziso zomzimba nezesizibophezelo zazisetshenziswa.

Kwakukhona izigwebo ezengeziwe ezinjengezinhlawulo nezinye izigwegwe zemali. Babethembele ngokuqondile esimweni somphakathi sesisulu kanye nobukhulu besenzo.

Ngakho-ke, ngokufingqiwe, incazelo ejwayelekile ye-Code of Law ka-1550 ivela. Umbhalo wekhulu le-16 uchaza ngokuningiliziwe izimiso eziyinhloko ezilawula umbuso waseRussia ophakathi. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ikhodi yemithetho ka-Ivan the Terrible ayiyona nje isikhumbuzo semlando, kodwa futhi isisekelo lapho umthetho wesimanje ususelwe khona.