Umlando yokutholakala amavithamini esifundweni sawo

Kuye kwaba iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu kusukela, njengoba amavithamini kufakwe ukuphila Cishe wonke umuntu emhlabeni. Nokho, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi bangu-13 inhlanganisela izidakamizwa abanjalo. Abanye abhekwa yokufana kwawo kuphela. Eyingozi kakhulu ukuba behlise isidumbu sayo synthesize Vitamin? Uyini umlando kokutholakala amavithamini kanye ukubaluleka kwabo?

Yiziphi amavithamini?

Ngakho, iziphi amavithamini? Lapho kuvela umlando kokutholakala amavithamini? Kungani zidingeka ukuze ngokugcwele esisekela ukuphila?

Ngokungafani carbohydrate, amino acid kanye polyunsaturated acid okunamafutha, amavithamini akuzona amandla value for umzimba, Nokho, laba kanjani nesandla ukuzinza lokugayeka kokudla. Indlela yokuthola kubo emzimbeni ukudla, supplements kanye amaningi bethamele ilanga. Zisetshenziswa iwukudambisa ukungalingani noma ukungabi namaminerali ewusizo. imisebenzi yabo eziyinhloko: usizo kolifermentam, iqhaza kuleyandawo lokugayeka kokudla, ekuvimbeleni ukuvela ezizivelelayo engazinzile.

Umlando yokutholakala amavithamini kuye kwabonisa ukuthi lezi izinto zihlukile chemical yabo kwengoma. Kodwa, ngeshwa, abakwazi ezivezwa umzimba ngobungako kwesokudla.

Iyini indima amavithamini

Njalo Vitamin uhlukile, futhi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba uthole esikhundleni. Konke kuchazwe isethi ezithile izici ahlukile komunye eceleni zithathwe ketshezi. Ngakho-ke, uma umzimba ukushoda anovithamini, zikhona nemiphumela sobala: amavithamini, iziyaluyalu umzimba, isifo.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba ulungise, ukudla okunhlobonhlobo ecebile, kuhlanganise ekudleni kwakho nsuku zonke okungenani ubuncane imikhiqizo ahlanganiswe izakhi mkhondo ewusizo.

Ngokwesibonelo, amavithamini, okuqondene B iqembu, ezithinta ukusebenza ngemfanelo kohlelo sezinzwa, basekele umsebenzi wamasosha omzimba, asize umzimba ngendlela esifike esikhundleni futhi ubuyekeze amaseli.

Kodwa ungesabi, uma ubona ukuthi ukudla yakho igcwele amavithamini akwanele. Abantu abaningi yesimanje ukuzwa kusilela yabo. Ukuze wenze i-ukulinganisela okufanele akuyona kuphela ukudla, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa amavithamini eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Abantu beze Indlela amavithamini

Cabanga, ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19, abantu abaningi ngisho nokuwabona into ezifana amavithamini. Abazi nje uhlushwa ukuntuleka izakhamzimba, kodwa futhi wagula kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile bafa. Kanjani ukutholwa amavithamini? Kafushane azame ukutshela mayelana umsebenzi odokotela, imibono yabo nokwatholakala kule ndawo.

Izifo ezivame kakhulu "dovitaminnyh" ezinkathini kwakuyilawa:

• "Beriberi" - ukugula abathintekayo izakhamuzi South-East, eNingizimu ye-Asia, lapho oyinhloko wamandla iphucuziwe, irayisi kusetshenzwe.
• Ukhwekhwe - isifo kwabulala zamatilosi.
• Yamathambo, elalikade wahlushwa hhayi kuphela izingane kodwa futhi abadala.

Abantu wafa ngemindeni lonke, imikhumbi anibuyelanga kusukela ebhukuda ngenxa ukufa zonke zezisebenzi.

Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1880. Kuze kube N. I. Lunin wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi ukudla eziningi eziqukethe ngezithako zawo into ibalulekile womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinto ezibalulekile.

Ukhwekhwe - isifo amatilosi asendulo

Umlando yokutholakala amavithamini iqukethe amaqiniso eziningi ezibonisa ekulahlekelweni ezigidi zamarandi namuhla. Imbangela yokufa kwaba ukhwekhwe. Nakuba lesi sifo kwaba omunye ezimbi kakhulu futhi ebulalayo. Akekho ngisho wahluleka ucabange ukuthi inkinga ibangelwa - ekudleni okungalungile kanye nokuntuleka vitamin C

Ngokwezazi-mlando okuyisibonelo ukhwekhwe kuphela esikhathini okutholakele ezindawo amangalelwe amatilosi angaphezu kwesigidi. Isibonelo esingokoqobo kungenziwa ngokuthi uhambo eNdiya, owawusedolobheni ngaphansi kokuqondisa Vasco de Gama: iningi wagula, wafa kusukela zezisebenzi 160.

J. Cook kwaba isihambi lokuqala, owabuyela ingxenye efanayo iqembu ukuthi basuka marina. Kungani amalungu iqembu kungukuthi ngaphansi isiphetho abantu abaningi? J. Cook awenzile ukuze isabelo sabo yansuku zonke neklabishi. Walandela isibonelo Dzheymsa Linda.

Kusukela 1795, imikhiqizo amakhambi, ulamula, amawolintshi kanye nezinye izithelo ezisawolintshi (umthombo vitamin C), ziye zaba ingxenye esiyisibopho "ubhasikidi ukudla" amatilosi.

Ngu yaniso sondela empirically

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi imfihlo igcina umlando kokutholakala amavithamini. Kafushane singathi lokhu: uzama ukuthola indlela yokuthola insindiso, ososayensi, odokotela bazama ku abantu. Happy eyodwa: awanangozi ngokwanele, kodwa hhayi ngenhlonipho ngokuya zokuziphatha yesimanje futhi izimiso zokuhle.

Ukuhlolwa ku nawabantu eyaduma 1747 udokotela Scottish George. Lind.

Kodwa lokhu akafinyelelanga ngokusuka kubo. Waphoqwa izimo: ku umkhumbi wakhonza, ubhubhane lwe ukhwekhwe. Ukuzama ukuthola indlela yokuphuma yalesi simo, Lind wakhetha ezimbili kweshumi amatilosi ogulayo, uhlukanisa wabayisa amaqembu amaningana. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo yilesi sigaba. Iqembu lokuqala kanye ukudla bondliwa cider wesiko, kwesibili - amanzi asolwandle yesithathu - uviniga, sesine - ezisawolintshi. I last iqembu - kuphela owasinda kuzo zonke abantu abangu-20.

Nokho, ukuzidela komuntu neze yize. Ngenxa imiphumela eshicilelwe ukuhlola (le indatshana "Ukwelashwa ukhwekhwe") okuye kungase kutholakale iwukudambisa ukubaluleka ezisawolintshi ukhwekhwe.

Ukuvela kwegama elithi

Umlando yokutholakala amavithamini ekutshela kafushane ngemvelaphi igama elithi "Vitamin".

Kukholakala ukuthi sikakhokho uC Funk, wakhetha uvithamini B1 ngefomu crystalline. Phela, nguye wamupha igama vitamine izidakamizwa.

Okulandelayo izinguquko baton emkhakheni "Vitamin" uthethe nomqondo D. Drummond, ucabange ukuthi akulungile ukuba abize bonke abantwana micronutrients izwi eliqukethe incwadi "e". Ukuchaza iqiniso lokuthi cha bonke of them aqukethe Amine acid.

Uqinisile vitamayny atholwe komkhuba igama "Vitamin" kithi. Siqukethe amagama amabili Latin: "vita" futhi "Amen". Eyokuqala yindlela "ukuphila", kanti eyesibili ihlanganisa igama leqembu acid compounds nitrogen.

Ukusetshenziswa njalo igama elithi "Vitamin" kwahlanganiswa kuphela ngo-1912. Ngokwezwi nezwi, lisho "ukuba khona kwento edingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila."

Umlando yokutholakala amavithamini: Imithombo

UNikolai Lunin waba ngomunye wabokuqala cabanga indima izinto ethathwe ukudla. Umphakathi yesayensi isikhathi umbono kadokotela Russian uthethe ukwamukelwa ngomguruguru, wayengatholi athathwe ngokungathi sína.

Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi isidingo uhlobo oluthile amaminerali compounds eyaqala ukutholwa uqobo Lunin. Ukutholakala amavithamini indispensability zabo nezinye izinto ebona empirically (ngenkathi amavithamini baye engaboshiwe amagama abo yesimanje). Amagundane zokuhlola babe. Ezinye Ukudla ehlanganisa ubisi yemvelo, kanye nabanye - eyenziwe yokufakelwa (yobisi izithako: amafutha, ushukela, usawoti, casein). Izilwane bohlanga yesibili, yahlatshwa ukugula yashona.

Kususelwa kule NI Lunin lwaphetha ngokuthi "... ngobisi, ngaphezu casein, amafutha, lactose nosawoti aqukethe namanje nezinye izinto ezibalulekile umsoco."

Isihloko ephakanyiswe ezinto University of Tartu, KA nesithakazelo Sosina. Wayeqhuba ucwaningo futhi wafinyelela isiphetho nsé UNikolai Ivanovich.

Ngemva kwalokho Lunin theory kubonakala, isiqinisekiso futhi sathuthukisa ngemisebenzi izifundiswa angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

Ukudalulwa izizathu sifo "beriberi"

umlando Eminye isifundiso amavithamini ukuqhubeka umsebenzi udokotela Japanese Takaki. Ngo-1884, wakhuluma ngalesi sifo ezikhungethe Japanese izakhamizi "beriberi." Umsuka walo isifo eziye zatholakala eminyakeni. Ngo-1897, udokotela Irish Christiaan Eijkman waphetha ngokuthi, wokucwebezelisa irayisi, abantu ukuzincisha izakhi ezidingekayo, okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu izingqimba engenhla okusanhlamvu ingelashwa.

Ngemva eside engu-40 (ngo-1936) futhi kwathiwa kwabasendulo kwemiqondo thiamine ukushoda ezibangela "beriberi." Ngaphandle kwalokho, liyini 'thiamin "ososayensi futhi azenzekanga ngokushesha. Umlando kwatholakala B amavithamini waqala ukukhululwa nangangesihlabathi irayisi, "Ameni ukuphila" (noma vitamine ngenye vitamayn). Kwathi 1911-1912. Esikhathini kusuka 1920 kuya 1934, ososayensi baye esephetha ifomula ayo zamakhemikhali ngokuthi "Aneirin".

Ukuvulwa amavithamini A, H

Uma sicabanga ngesihloko ezifana umlando kokutholakala amavithamini, uzophawula ukuthi isifundo ubelokhu ehamba kancane.

Ngokwesibonelo, amavithamini kanye Ngakho watadisha ngokuningiliziwe kuphela kusukela ngekhulu le-19. Stepp (Stepp) lwembula lukwazi ukushukumisa ukukhula, okuyinto ingxenye amafutha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1909. Futhi kakade ngo-1913, uMac Dennis Koller ngamnyama "isici A", ngemva kweminyaka engu-(1916) ke saqanjwa ngokuthi "uvithamini A".

Ucwaningo of Vitamin H yaqalwa ngo-1901, lapho Uilders wembula ikhemikhali ikhuthaza ukukhula imvubelo. Wanikela amnike isihloko "bios". Ngo-1927 sikhethwe ovidin ngokuthi "Factor X", noma "Vitamin H". Lo vithamini kuvimbela isinyathelo into equkethwe kweminye imikhiqizo. Ngo-1935, i-biotin ukuthi acacisa kusuka amaqanda isikhuphasha Skittles (Kegl).

Amavithamini C no E

Ngemva ukuzama ku Linda amatilosi eminyakeni eyikhulu akekho owacabanga mayelana isizathu esingenza umuntu abe agule ne ephethwe yisifo sezinsini. Umlando ukubukeka amavithamini, kodwa kunalokho umlando ekutadisheni indima yabo iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. VV Pashutin wathola ukuthi amatilosi isifo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka izinto ezithile ukudla. Ngo-1912, ngenxa owabanjwa mhlaka ingulube Guinea nakho ukudla, Holst futhi Frolich ngafunda ukuthi kuvimbela ukubonakala lomcebo ukhwekhwe ukuthi emva kweminyaka 7 seyaziwa ngokuthi vitamin C odingekayo ngosuku 1928 kwaphawula zizalela yawo yamakhemikhali ifomula, umphumela waba kwemiqondo ascorbic acid.

Vitamin E indima kanye nokubaluleka waqala ukufunda zakamuva. Nakuba linendima ebalulekile enqubeni zokuzala. Lolu cwaningo leli qiniso baqala kuphela ngo-1922, Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi lapho ekudleni amagundane zokuhlola athola amafutha, bese i-embryo wafa esibelethweni. Lokhu okwatholakala Evans. Izidakamizwa yokuqala eyaziwayo bohlanga vitamin E babe ekstraktsinirovany ibhotela ubhontshisi amahlumela. Umuthi iye okuthiwa alpha ne tocopherol beta, lesi sehlakalo senzeka ngo-1936. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Carrer labetibambile biosynthesis yayo.

Kuvulwa amavithamini B

Ngo-1913 kwaba ukuqala ekutadisheni riboflavin futhi nicotinic acid. Kwaba kulo nyaka kuphawulwa kuvulwa Osborne futhi Mendel, owaba ukuthi ubisi iqukethe ikhemikhali ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezilwane. Ngo-1938 Ifomula we ketshezi, ngokusekelwe ngalo zamagama ekhiqizwa itholiwe. Ngakho watholwa futhi kuhlelwe umqondo lactochrome manje riboflavin, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vitamin B2.

Nicotinic acid ahlukanisa Funk irayisi okusanhlamvu. Nokho, lolu cwaningo-ke yayeka. Antipellagrichesky isici kuphela, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i-acid nicotinic (Vitamin B3) lavulwa ngo-1926.

Vitamin B9 ahlukanisa njengoba ingxenyana isipinashi amaqabunga 30s kanti uMitchell Snell. SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ehlile kokutholakala amavithamini. Kafushane utadisha Vitamin B9 (i-folic acid) kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi ithuthuka ngokushesha. Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (ngo-1945), zamagama alo kwenziwa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva wodwa wahlukanisiwe imvubelo kanye isibindi pteroylglutamic acid.

Ngo-1933 kwathiwa ziqala ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali pantothenic acid (uvithamini B5). Futhi ngo-1935 iziphetho abangu ukulahlwa Goldberg izimbangela pellagra e amagundane. It kuvela ukuthi kuvela isifo kusukela ukungabi khona pirodoksin, noma B6.

I Vitamin zakamuva ezikhethiwe kusuka B iqembu cobalamin, noma vitamin B12. Isizinda isici antianemic ka isibindi kwenzeka ngo-1948.

Amaphutha: kokutholakala vitamin D

History of the ukutholakala vitamin D kwaphawulwa ukubhujiswa okutholwe yisayensi pre-ekhona. Elmer Makkolum ubezama ukucacisa emibhalweni yakhe siqu mayelana Vitamin A. Ukuzama ekuphikiseni Iziphetho esifinyelela kuzo ngo-wezilwane Edward Mellanby, wayeqhuba ukuhlolwa izinja. Nge yamathambo izilwane wanika uwoyela inhlanzi, kuyiphi yasuswa Vitamin A. ukungabi kwakhe akazange kuthinte yokutakula ezifuywayo - they nzonzobala belashwa.

Vitamin D ingatholakala ukudla hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi sibonga imisebe yelanga. Yathandwa AF Hess ngo-1923.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, ekuqaleni yokufakelwa nokunonophala calciferol ukudla okunamafutha. ngemisebe ultraviolet luqhutshwa e-US namuhla.

Inani Kazimira Funka ku amavithamini cwaningo

Ukulandela ukuvezwa izici letivimbela ukuvela sifo "beriberi", kulandele ekutadisheni amavithamini. Hhayi indima okungenani kule eyadlalwa Casimir Funk. Umlando ekuhloleni amavithamini uthi edala ukulungiselela ehlanganisa ingxube ka izinto amanzi-encibilikayo ezahlukene amakhemikhali nemvelo, kodwa ezifanayo khona nitrogen therein.

Funk Ngenxa wabona ukukhanya kwethemu wezesayensi beriberi. Akazange nje Ngimngenisile, futhi bathola nezindlela ukuyinqoba, nezixwayiso. Weza esiphethweni sokuthi amavithamini ayingxenye ezinye enzyme, okuyinto enomthelela kulula ukumuncwa kwabo. Funk wayephakathi kwabokuqala lesingiko siphindze sitfutfukise luhlelo efanele, ukudla ukulinganisela, ecacisa imfuneko nsuku zonke amavithamini abalulekile.

Casimir Funk wadala ezinye analogue amakhemikhali amavithamini equkethwe imikhiqizo yemvelo. Kodwa manje Craze zabantu lezi analogue kuyangethusa. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka nesigamu esidlule liye landa inani umdlavuza, njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba nokuthile, eziphathelene nenhliziyo nezinye izifo. Abanye ososayensi isizathu ekusakazekeni ngokushesha lezi zifo kubonakala ukusetshenziswa zokwenziwa amavithamini.