Ezimayini zegolide. Izindlela zegolide isizinda. ezimayini zegolide ngesandla

ezimayini zegolide waqala endulo. Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu yadalwa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 168,9. Amathani ensimbini eyigugu, cishe 50% okuyinto esichithwa ezihlukahlukene ubucwebe. Uma zonke zegolide misela ukuqoqa endaweni eyodwa, ngabe kwakhiwa cube nge ukuphakama 5 storey indlu, elithatha onqenqemeni - 20 amamitha.

"Golden Umlando"

Igolide - metal, ngawo abantu safike abajwayelene okungenani iminyaka engu-6500 edlule. It kubhekwa engcebweni endala atholakala Varna yamathuna, esemgwaqweni eBulgaria, futhi imikhiqizo sangomhla 4600 BC

Igolide odlale indima ebalulekile kulo lonke emlandweni wesintu, it namanje kubhekwa a utshalomali umsindo. Bafika waya lwemali, kodwa uhlala ejwayelekile jikelele oqine izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Oluphethe lokhu metal bekulokhu ehlonishwayo njalo. Elilinganiswayo golide akulona kokuba kuphela kwakuxhomeke kuye, futhi isikhundla emphakathini. Ngakho-ke kuyinto ngesikhathi samanje.

Ngokuvamile igolide iye yaba imbangela ngezimpi ubugebengu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo iye nendima enkulu entuthukweni isintu sisonke. Kulesi sisekelo waqala ukuthatha ukuma uhlelo yemali, wadala nemagugu emasiko nesimo yobuciko yezakhiwo, okuyizinto eziyigugu namanje mangaza wonke umuntu. Ngenxa isifiso ukukhiqiza ososayensi metal, izakhi eziningi zamakhemikhali eyatholakala, nekhwane igolide wasiza bethola futhi uhlole mazwe amasha.

Njengoba igolide misela eRussia

Esikhathini uqweqwe engenhla zomhlaba kumiswa iqukethe igolide izinto eziningi ezincane, kodwa kula masimu nezindawo eziningi. Russia ivuliwe endaweni 4th simo ekukhiqizeni yayo futhi has 7% we share emhlabeni jikelele.

Industrial indlela eseqala ukuveza egolide 1745. Le mayini wokuqala wavulwa ongumlimi Erofeem Markovym, owatshela ukuthi ukuphi. Kamuva yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi Berezovsky.

Namuhla e-Russia zikhona izinkampani 16 ukuthi misela ensimbini eyigugu. Umholi inkampani "Polyus Gold", okuyinto 1/5 of the isabelo emakethe Imininingwane ukukhiqizwa. Ngokuzimisela wokubambisana metal ikakhulu limbiwa Magadan, Irkutsk Amur izifunda, Chukotka, Krasnoyarsk naseKhabarovsk izindawo.

Izimayini zegolide - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, isikhathi esiningi futhi kuyabiza. Nciphisa lezi zindleko ngokuvala ezimayini akuzuzisi futhi engenayo ephansi. Ukwehlisa inani lomsebenzi ukuhlola , kanye nokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha ukuthi ukuvikela inhloko-dolobha - kuba isilinganiso ngempumelelo.

Inqubo yokuthola igolide

Inqobo nje uma kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka, insimbi inqubo ukukhiqizwa kushintsha njalo. Ekuqaleni kwaba izimayini ethandwa igolide ngesandla. Abavukuzi wathola segolide isihlabathi sibonga kumadivayisi ayinzima lasekuqaleni. Ithreyi waqoqa emfuleni isihlabathi, bese kwathiwa unyakaza ukugeleza kwamanzi, esihlabathini is wageza off, nangangesihlabathi metal ahlale phansi, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje esinzima ngokwengeziwe. Le ndlela ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ngesikhathi samanje.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona inqubo kuphela zokukhiqiza. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambidlana eduze nemifula kungenzeka ngokuvamile ukuthola okuyigugu igolide. Abaphonse baphume phezu kwezwe nge ukufiphala emithanjeni auriferous ngokwemvelo. Nokho, ngo-zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili lo placers ocebile kwesokunxele, futhi ngafunda nokupheka kukhishwe igolide emkhandweni wensimbi.

Manje ezimayini zegolide luqhutshwa akuvamile ngesandla, le nqubo ngomshini ngokuphelele, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunzima kakhulu. Kuthathwa ensimini engabizi, okuyinto ebangela ithani elilodwa 3 amagremu zegolide. Lapho okuqukethwe kwalo 10 g kubhekwe ocebile.

Izindlela ukutakula egolide ore

Kuze kwaba seminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa indlela ezifana ingxube, okuyinto esekelwe anezakhi ezikhethekile mercury imvilophi igolide. On the phansi umgqomo ibekwe mercury ke ezinyakaziswayo igolide-zohlobo therein. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nomncane igolide izinhlayiya nje unamathele kuso. Ngemva kwalokho, le mercury ahlukaniswa idwala imfucuza, futhi enamandla amalahle igolide izinhlayiya zeqhwa off. Nokho, le ndlela has ezithile ezingathandeki, kusukela mercury ngokwawo enobuthi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza igolide akukakabi ngokuphelele, ngoba izinhlayiya ngokuphelele oluncane lwensimbi eziyigugu nzima ukumanzisa.

Eyesibili indlela yesimanje - igolide leached ne-sodium cyanide, okuyinto uyakwazi ngisho izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo aguqulwa ku amanzi-encibilikayo cyanide kwakwakhe. Futhi kakade kuzo kwesikhathi usebenzisa reagents negolide likhishiwe. Le ndlela ungathola ensimbini eyigugu ngisho ezivela emikhakheni kakade abalahliwe, okubenza babe inzuzo futhi.

Ukufika ekhaya ngaphambi igolide

ezimayini zegolide kungenzeka ngesandla futhi ekhaya. Ukuze kukhishwe khona, asikho isidingo ukuya ezimayini, namahora emathileyi shaking. Kukhona enye indlela enokuthula kakhudlwana futhi ophucuzekile. Azungeze eziningi izinto eziqukethe igolide. Ngokwesibonelo, amawashi ubudala zaseSoviet ezivalekile zawo eziphuzi aqukethe yangempela okumsulwa ensimbini eyigugu ngaphandle amanyela.

Ukuze uthole kuye waphuma khona, wena nje kudingeka ukuthenga iwashi enjalo obuningi kakhulu. Khona-ke kudingeka plastic ebhakedeni bese elisemcengezini, kagesi insingo izindwani, ukushisa-resistant glass imbiza, ibhulashi nendwangu x / ukotini ukuhlunga, amagilavu, injoloba kanye vlagoraspylitel. Of amakhemikhali kudingeka nitric futhi hydrochloric acid.

Icubungula iqala uma ubamba usuvele unayo amacala angu-300. Inqubo kuthatha amahora 4 kuphela, kuyilapho ukuchitha 4 amalitha acid. Kusukela izakhiwo eziningi kangaka ungathola 75 amagremu ngegolide elihlanzekile.

Ukuthola igolide usebenzisa etching indlela

Ubani nje nempela owayeke wacabanga, kodwa noma kunjalo, ngisho nezingane, nsukuzonke kukhona emaphaketheni nezikhwama kugcwele igolide. Kulula - ikhadi le-SIM ngamunye iselula iqukethe eziningi amatshe ayigugu. Kungaba zisuswe kusuka lapho. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: by electrolysis, noma etching. Kule yakamuva badinga reagent chemical "aqua regia".

Indlela elula kubhekwa etching, lapho kukhona igolide otholakala ngenxa inertness amakhemikhali ensimbini eyigugu - okungukuthi, ikhono layo ukuze ukuxubana nezinye izakhi. Ukuze etching zidinga oxidizer "aqua regia", okuyinto Yenziwe acid kanzulu: hydrochloric, futhi nitric. Lolu ketshezi ine umbala owolintshi njengotshani noma ephuzi.

Igolide kusukela amanzi

ezimayini zegolide kungenzeka futhi ephuma emanzini. It is okumunyethwe kuwo, futhi kunoma iyiphi: indle, zasolwandle, amanzi, kodwa izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e zasolwandle ikhona ingxenye 4 mg tonne ngayinye. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kukhishwe sisengakwazi ngosizo lime ngokushesha, okuyinto ethatha ton kuphela ayizinkulungwane 4.5. Amathani amanzi.

Ukuze uthole igolide amanzi olwandle kudingeka mix it ne nobisi lime. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ketshezi adedelwe zibuyiselwa olwandle, futhi kakade kusukela inzika kukhishwe ensimbini eyigugu. onjiniyela Kirov ukunikela ngenye indlela imfucuza-free lapho lime esikhundleni umlotha we ezishisayo izitshalo amandla. Le ndlela kubhekwa ukuba okungenani ebizayo yazo zonke ezaziwayo.

amagciwane Golden

ECanada, ososayensi baye ngokuvamile atholakala bacterium ayakwazi lokukhululwa igolide izixazululo ahlukahlukene. Amazing, akunjalo? Ngokwesibonelo, igciwane has Delftia acidovorans into nje inike ensimbini eyigugu evela isixazululo. Futhi isizathu ilula - ke nje evikelwe, ukuvikela ngokwabo kusukela ion zegolide, ezizenzile anobuthi ngenxa yakhe. Eyesibili igciwane Cupriavidus metallidurans, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, awagcine ngaphakathi kuyo.

Bobabili etholakale 2006 ku "igolide" okwami. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa baseCanada ukuthi amagciwane buthelela igolide, ubuthi kungagwenywa ngenxa ubunjalo isakhi sofuzo.

Draghi

ezimayini zegolide Kwenziwa futhi ngosizo Drago. Zibizwa ngokuthi elintantayo imishini ezimayini, okuyinto Dredging, nekuhanjiswa nezinye izinto, ukuhlinzeka nokukhanda olunzulu inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Bona enothisa amaminerali kanye imfucuza idwala lisuswe.

Injongo Drahov - Ugcwalise ukuthuthukisa enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi kanye kukhishwe izingxenye ezibalulekile (igolide, i-platinum, ithini, njll) Faka kubo ikakhulu anesihlabathi, talus, glubinno- futhi inhlabathi ugu zasolwandle kanye imali anesihlabathi. Okukhishwayo kuphela Valunistoye, rock kanzima nobumba okunamathelayo.

izinhlobo Drahov

Draghi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.

1. Marine, ngawo ezifakwa achazwayo ezimayini ugu futhi ijulile emachibini nasolwandle. Basuke ogibele keel towed noma izitsha self ezinezinjini, okunikeza ukusebenza ngesikhathi kunesiphepho.
2. Continental, ezisetshenziswa for ukuthuthukiswa imali emazwekazini. Ogibele pram.

Draghi ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka:

• khumbulani amandla, okuyinto esetshenziswa actuators;
• kude ezijulile rocks engxenyeni esezansi ezingeni amanzi;
• umshini omdala (okuningi amabhakede nge chain iphukile neketanga okuqhubekayo, eziyinkimbinkimbi rotary, ubulembu izicabucabu ezihamba ngabo ebhakedeni, sokudonsa ebhakedeni);
• umthamo we ibhakede (large-, medium- nezincane-ukufuduka);
• Elawula indlela (ikhebula-ihange futhi ikhebula-inqwaba).

On endaweni Russian Federation Manje usebenzisa ezinye zivusa ekukhiqizeni igolide, ikakhulukazi senzeka Far Eastern Federal District. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa indlela enjalo ingase ibe nomthelela ongemuhle semvelo, wabhubhisa namathafa emifuleni endaweni ingcole kakhulu, esemgwaqweni ezansi.

Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela nokugcina ngokucophelela imisebenzi yentuthuko. Ukuze nokusetshenziswa yabo kuzodinga umhlaba sokufunwa, okuye woniwa izimayini, kanye WOKUTSHALA IZIHLAHLA, inhlabathi kanye izimila emfuleni izigodi.

Indlela yokwenza ezinye zivusa singesegolide ngokwakho

abavukuzi abaningi, igolide, kwakuyodingeka zivusa ayo, kuyilapho kakhulu ukulondoloza ku izindleko njengoba intengo yale imishini kakhulu. Kulokhu, indlela elula ukukwenza ngezandla zakhe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinto ngeke uthenge ezishibhile kakhulu, usadinga ukudala lemali zivusa ezithile.

Ekuqaleni, udinga ukwenza uhlu inhlangano imidvwebo salokhu zingafundwa njengoba isibonelo zivusa Udume kakhulu embonini yegolide okwamanje. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo esigabeni sokuqala - cwaningo, kulapho lapho uyoba ukwazi ngazo, ngcono, futhi enze kangcono kunalokho bebodwa.

Eminye imininingwane ebalulekile zingatholakala ku-yokulahla abavamile, futhi ukuthenga kubo for eduze lutho, ezifana injini for umshini. Okulandelayo udinga ukucacisa ubukhulu zivusa, sikhulu kangakanani - enkulu inani inhlabathi ingelashwa, kodwa isisindo sayo kanye nezindleko beyoba kunakunoma umkhiqizo amancane ababebuthene.

Kuyadingeka ukwakha hose ne ububanzi 12 cm, ukuze ukwazi ukubhekana nalesi zivusa ngokwakho. Usayizi elilungile kakhulu - kuba 10 cm Uma udinga umoya onomfutho, kubalulekile ukuba ukuthenga i compressor emoyeni, imishini diving kanye ethangini emoyeni itheku .. Nokho, lokhu akukhona isidingo sokuqala, kungenziwa kakade ke.

Ukuze ukwakha apharathasi efiselekayo, kuyodingeka: injini nge futha, ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene (hacksaw, isando, ukusonta, ukufakwa kokumqoka kuphela). Akukona ubuhlungu ukuthenga UWelder. Ungathenga izingxenye / esetshenziswa, kodwa okunye okubalulekile kakhulu futhi inkinga noma trudnozamenimye, kungcono uthenge esisha esitolo.

Eminye imininingwane ye zivusa ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngezandla zabo, ngakho kufanele athenge zonke okufanayo: injini, futha amanzi, umoya compressor, hose, rudopromyvochny umshushuluzo. Lokho omunye wokugcina iyona ebaluleke kakhulu, ngaphandle igolide nje awagcinwa, ngokulandelana, lonke ukwakhiwa apharathasi iba lutho.

Bell zivusa kufanele usethe ukukhiya ikhanda ukuze wayeqondisa yamanzi nomhlabathi kuwo. Valve ukuncela e futha uthatha amanzi (lokhu futhi ungomunye izingxenye ezibalulekile). Uma amuncwa isihlabathi, futha kusheshe sokudiliza, ngakho akunakwenzeka ukuba ezinye zivusa ngaphandle valve.

ikheshi umfutholuketshezi itholakala ekupheleni hose, amanzi ihlinzekwa ekuqaleni bese udala cleaner. Kungcono ukusebenzisa umlomo wombhobho ukuncela. Ukulawula dredges ezinkulu Elevator nzima, ngakho Sebentisa iya imishini ezincane, uma umsebenzi senzeka emanzini angajulile.

I buoyancy zedivayisi - lwesigaba ehlukile zivusa. Qiniseka ukuthi kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningana. Ekuqaleni amathayi esetshenziswa kusukela amaloli, nesisindo esincane futhi zishibhile. I ethile kuphela ukuthi ukuze ukwazi ukuthola ukuthi akulula njengoba kungase kubonakale. Nokho, bekuyoba ukhetho best.

Manje, abakhiqizi abaningi basebenzisa dredges pontoons zenziwa plastic. Ziyakwazi okunokwethenjelwa ngempela, kodwa futhi ezisindayo. Nokho, ngisho lapha kukhona eziningi ongakhetha. Ezinye dredges, okuyinto ziqoqwa ekhaya, babe nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene pontoons plastic. Omunye izindlela ezithakazelisayo - uma usebenzisa iziqukathi zeplastiki noma imiphongolo, amandla awo afinyelela ku 40 amalitha. Ungathenga kubo ngemali ephansi kakhulu. Uma ungenalo khumbulani kokuchitha isizumbulu, kodwa ukulungele ukuthenga ke kulula ukuthenga nomakhi.

Esinye imininingwane ebalulekile kuthinta buoyancy, uzimele kubhekwa. Lokho-ke unamathele injini rudopromyvochny umshushuluzo. Uma zenzele wena, ungathatha elula aluminium izingcezu ukuthi zitholakala kalula nganoma yisiphi landfill. Izindleko is engabizi, cishe awekho umzamo odingekayo. Uma uthola Uhlaka flat, khona-ke nje ukukhwezwa isondo elolini.

Hlola umsebenzi zivusa kungaba emva inhlangano wako. Ukuze wenze lokhu kuthatha izingcezu ezimbili kweshumi elincane phambili, okuyinto ahambelana futhi zipendwe ngemibala egqamile. Ichibi is ushaye phansi, futhi abekwa khona. Yilokho nje kuso futhi ungakwazi zama ezinye zivusa. Bona ukuthi izingcezu eziningi phambili kwaba emuva emva ukuwasha idwala. Ngo operation evamile kuphela kungenzeka ezinye zivusa ukulahlekelwa 2 izicucu. Uma phambili akwanele, kufanele futhi uhlole yonke inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-scheme, futhi uma kudingeka, afeze ngcono eminye.

Ipulani embonini yegolide esikhathini esizayo

Ezimbalwa iba ezifakwa igolide, ngiwavule manje ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika, kanti abanye kakhulu mpilo, kanye imali ngokuqukethwe ongaphakeme futhi medium ensimbini eyigugu ukuthuthukisa umane ezingenanzuzo.

Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi izidubedube ezifaka igolide, sizokwazi ukuthuthukisa yobudala ngaphezulu 50. Base uphelelwa. ngoba nje isintu kula mashumi eminyaka amuva kuyinto izimayini okukhulu kakhulu igolide. Futhi kuba ngokwemvelo kuyinto sincipha isibalo sawo. Manje kufanele uthole amathuba amasha zokukhiqiza metal ezinqala eminyakeni ezayo. Indlela ethembisayo kubhekwa ubuchwepheshe igolide leaching.

Eminyakeni yamuva, eziningi inkulumo mayelana nentuthuko olwandle njengoba nangenye indlela ezimayini zegolide. Imvume yesabelo sogu placer ezifakwa ziningi, kodwa phansi namanje ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Kungenzeka ukuthi ulwandle kufihliwe iningi eziyigugu metal imali. inzalo yethu kuyodingeka ukuthola.