Iyini iReichstag eBerlin?

Enye yezimpawu zeJalimane yanamuhla yiReichstag. Lapho kukhulunywe leli gama, abantu abaningi banomhlangano weMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Cabanga nje isithombe esinefulegi elibomvu elihamba emoyeni, elifanekisela ukunqoba phezu kwe-fascism. Iyini i-Reichstag namuhla, nokuthi kwakunjani esikhathini esidlule, ungafunda kulesi sihloko.

Incazelo yeReichstag

Okokuqala, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi iReichstag iyisakhiwo. Ngempela leli gama lingasetshenziswa ngokuthi "ukwakha umhlangano wombuso". Kuze kube manje, ihlangana ne-Bundestag, futhi esikhathini esidlule kwakuyindawo yombuso we-Kaiser Empire neRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar.

Iyini iReichstag ohlelweni lomlando, futhi kubaluleke ngani eJalimane nezwe, ungafunda ngokutadisha umlando wesakhiwo ngokwawo.

Umlando wendalo

Isakhiwo sakhiwe phakathi nendawo eBerlin. Wabeka itshe lokuqala lolo lwakhiwo lukaWilhelm the First ngo-1884. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiwa into ephikisana kakhulu.

Isakhiwo seReichstag besizoqala ekuqaleni, kodwa eJalimane kuvele isenzakalo esibi kulokhu. Iqiniso liwukuthi izwe uhulumeni ayehlela ukukwakhiwa kuyo kwakungomndeni wakwaRadzinsky. I-diplomat eyaziwayo ayizange ihambise phambili ekuthuthukiseni impahla yakhe. Ithuba lokuqala umsebenzi lavela eminyakeni emithathu emva kokufa kwakhe. Imvume yanikezwa yindodana yomuntu oshonile.

Ngaphambi kokukhwabanisa, umncintiswano womklami wephrojekthi usuvele ubanjwe, lapho uchwepheshe waseRussia anqobile khona. Kodwa-ke, akazange aphile ukuze abone ukuqala komsebenzi, futhi ngenxa yomncintiswano wesibili, uPaul Vollot waba umakhi.

Umbusi waseJalimane, owabeka itshe lesisekelo, akazange aphile ukuze abone ukuphela komsebenzi wokwakha. Yamukela isakhiwo esiphelile sathola ithuba likaKaiser Wilhelm II.

Iyini i-Reichstag yomdwebi we-Vollot ongaqondakala kusuka emazwini akhe. Wathi lesi sakhiwo sibonisa umbuso omkhulu kunawo wonke kaKaiser. Imibhoshongo yekhoneni, eyayinezine, ibonisa imibuso emine yaseJalimane, futhi idome phakathi nendawo yanikezelwa kuWilliam wesiBili. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono wokuzinikezela awuzange uthande uKaiser ngokwakhe, futhi wasikisela ukunikezela isikhalazo ePhalamende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo sasakhiwa ngokuqondile emhlanganweni wesifundazwe.

Umlilo ka-1933

Ngo-1933, lesi sakhiwo sabhekana nomlilo omkhulu. Noma ubani owamisa ngomlilo, ngokuqinisekile akaziwa, kodwa u-Adolf Hitler nabangane bakhe babecala ngamakominisi ngakho konke. Ukuboshwa kwemasosha kwaqala. Isakhiwo sagcinwa sisetshenziselwa injongo yaso ehlosiwe, siqhuba imihlangano yenkulumo-ze, futhi kusukela ngo-1939 amaNazi ahlala kuwo ngenhloso yempi.

Ochwepheshe abaphenyisisa izimbangela zomlilo, beza esiphethweni sokuthi isakhiwo sase sitshalwe ezindaweni ezingu-50 ngesikhathi. AmaNazi, ayesaba amaKhomanisi, awasola ngakho konke. UMarinus van der Lubbe, ongumDashi, washeshe wabanjwa, waboshwa wabulawa. Abacwaningi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi lo msebenzi wawuhlelwe kahle amaNazi, ngakho akwazi ukunciphisa ukuthandwa kwamaKhomanisi eJalimane.

Iyini iReichstag? Kule nkathi yomlando isakhiwo saba uphawu lokuwa kombuso omdala, kwaphawula ukufika kwamandla kaHitler. Umshaqashi akazange azame ukwakha lesi sakhiwo, ngoba wayefuna ukwakha iReichstag yakhe eJalimane elisha. Kodwa lezi zinhlelo azizange zinikezwe.

Reichstag kuHitler

Kwakukhulunywa kakade ukuthi isakhiwo ngaphansi kweRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar sisetshenziselwa njengesisekelo sebutho lomoya. Ukuholwa nguHerman Goering. Lo muntu olahlekile wayenexhumano oluqondile nesakhiwo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isigodlo saseGoering sasihlobene neReichstag ngaphansi komhlaba.

Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi lesi sakhiwo saba isisulu sabasosha abaningi baseSoviet. Ukubhujiswa kwalo kwakufana nokunqoba u-fascism. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zezinhlamvu ezibomvu ze-Red Army zazidwetshwe "NgamaReichstag!" Namazwi afanayo.

Bonke abaphikisi be-fascism baphupha ngokuhlela ifulegi phezu kweReichstag . Lokhu kwenziwa kuphela ngo-1945.

Isakhiwo emva kokuzinikela kwe-Weimar Germany

I-Reichstag ngo-1945 yayihluke ngokuphelele esakhiweni esikhulu esake sakhiwa phakathi neBerlin. Kwabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamabhomu amaningi. Ngaphansi kwamanxiwa esakhiweni, amasosha okugcina aseJalimane athola ukuphela kwawo, amanye awo asanda ku-15 ubudala.

Ama-fascist alwa ezindongeni zeReichstag kuze kufike ukuphefumula kokugcina. Amasosha aseSoviet, ngokuzonda kwabo sonke isitha, esasilokhu siphuza lonke isikhathi sempi, wabhubhisa abaphikisi abasele. Isakhiwo emehlweni abo kwakuyisibonakaliso sobubi bomhlaba jikelele, ngakho izibhamu zishaya kuyo isikhathi eside. Amasosha aseSoviet awakhulumi nje kuphela ifulege elibomvu phezu kwesakhiwo, ashiya izinkulungwane zemibhalo ebhalweni. Eziningi zazo zaziqukethe ulimi oluhlambalaza, ikakhulukazi uHitler noWehrmacht. Ngemuva kwalokho, emlandweni, kuphela imibhalo ehlongozwayo izoshiywa ezindongeni.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha

Isakhiwo esishayekile sasimi phakathi kweBerlin kuze kube ngo-1954. Kwaze kwaba yilapho kunqunywe ukuphoqa izinsalela zeReichstag. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uhulumeni wanquma ukubuyisela kabusha iReichstag, esithombeni sayo manje sesigxila sezindlunkulu zaseJalimane.

UPaul Baumgarten wanqoba umncintiswano wokwakhiwa kwesibonakaliso sokuphila kwezepolitiki eJalimane. Isakhiwo sagcwaliswa ngo-1972. Kodwa ayizange ibe yindawo yokubuthela iPhalamende. Yabeka isikhungo somlando. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1991. Kulo nyaka omunye umsebenzi wokwakha kabusha wenziwa. Umncintiswano wokukhishwa kwemisebenzi wathola umklami waseNgilandi uNorman Foster. I-Bundestag ibuyele esakhiweni esakhiwe kabusha.

U-Architect Foster wabona isakhiwo esisha esinophahla oluphahleni, kodwa inguqulo yakhe ayibonakali njengento engokomfanekiso kwabaningi njengangaphambili. Ngo-1999, kwakhiwa idome elisha. Izinto zokwakha zazingensimbi nesilazi. Izindlovu ezimbili ziyasondela, futhi emdongeni ngokwawo kukhona ipaki lokubona.

Ngaphandle kwenhloso yayo yobuhle, isakhiwo sokwakha siyingxenye yesistimu yamandla okuzimela. Lokhu kubangelwa ukubonga ngendlela ekhethekile yezibuko kanye ne-shaft ye-ventilation lapho umoya udlula khona ngokusebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile lokushintshanisa ukushisa.

"Udonga lwenkumbulo"

Ngo-May 1945, amasosha ayehlula i-fascism, ayedwetshwe zonke izindonga zesakhiwo. Kubantu baseJalimane, le mibhalo nayo inenani elithile. Bakhumbuza isizwe sonke sobushiqela ukuthi iJalimane ibelethe. Yingakho isakhiwo esidala seReichstag sahlala esakhiweni esisha. Isuse imigqa yobandlululo nokuziphatha okubi, ishiya kuphela "i-autographs" yamasosha e-Red Army.

Eminyakeni eyi-90 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umbuzo wakhuliswa ngokususa udonga oludala ngemibhalo ebhalwe phansi okukhumbuza ukuphazamiseka okudlule kwempi. Kodwa isinqumo asizange samukelwe iningi. Namuhla, udonga lusegumbini, lwaluphathwa ngesisombululo esikhethekile sokuyivikela ezintweni zangaphandle, okubandakanya ukucekelwa phansi kwabantu.

Ngingavakashela kanjani iReichstag?

Ukuze uziqonde ukuthi yini i-Reichstag eBerlin, kufanele ivakashelwe. Noma yisiphi isivakashi senhloko-dolobha singakwenza. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuya kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Bundestag uphinde udlulise ukubhaliswa kwangaphambi kokuqala. Ngaphandle kokuqokwa okunjalo, ukungena kokuvakasha kuyovaliwe.

Isazi sosuku luqoqa izivakashi ezibhalisiwe futhi luqhuba uhambo. Kuyo ungafunda ulwazi oluthe xaxa, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ujabulele ubuciko bokudweba okumelela ukulungiswa kwedome nezinye izakhiwo zeReichstag.