Ukukhokhwa kwempesheni kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni eRussian Federation

Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, umthetho uthathe izinguquko eziningana ezithinte izinkokhelo zempesheni ezigabeni ezahlukene zezakhamizi. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kusukela ngo-2016, ukubhaliswa kwezinkokhelo kubantu abahola impesheni abaqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo yomsebenzi kwaqedwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi senzo senziwa ngokusho ukuthi uma umuntu enquma ukuqedela ukuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe komsebenzi, zonke izinkokhelo kanye nokubuya okufanele kokufakwa kwezindleko kuzolinganiswa. Lona umehluko omkhulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izici, impesheni ikhokhwa kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni ngemigomo efanayo nalabo asebeqedile imisebenzi yabo futhi basemaphandleni okuphumula kanye nokuhlinzekwa kukahulumeni. Kodwa ngokuphambene nezibikezelo, lezi zinkokhelo zihlala. Okushiwo ukukhokhwa kwezimpesheni kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni kanye nokubala kwabo kuzoxoxwa kulesi sihloko. Kwaphela isikhathi esithile lesi sigaba sagxilile, kodwa eminyakeni eminingana edlule kwaqala ukushintsha kakhulu.

Okuyinhloko yokuguqulwa kwempesheni

Ushintsho oluphawulekayo emthethweni lwaqala ukusebenza ngo-2013. Kwakungaleso sikhathi ukuthi imibhalo emibili isayinwe, isisekelo somthetho esisha. Owokuqala uthi noma yimiphi impesheni yomuntu ingaphansi komshuwalense, futhi owesibili - ukuthi unesizathu sokuqoqa. Njengoba izikweletu zisekelwa iningi, kusukela ngo-2015 zonke izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza futhi zaqala ukusebenza ezingeni lezomthetho. Ngakho-ke, inani elilinganiselwe lempesheni alinayo.

Iningi labachwepheshe abahlaziya imithetho emisha bathi ngeke balethe noma yini enhle ngomqondo ovamile. Okokuqala, isimo sezezimali sesabelomali sesifunda singase sibi kakhulu, njengoba umshuwalense wangasese kanye nezinkampani zempesheni zinikeza izimo ezihle kakhulu zokubambisana nabesimhlalaphansi. Ukudluliselwa kusuka kumbuso we-PF wokugcina imali kuba ngumkhuba odumile. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, umthethosivivinywa ngokuqondene nokukhokhwa kwezimpesheni kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni kuwumphumela wokwehliswa kwezinqolobane zeRussian Federation. Ihlongozwa ukuyeka ukukhokha kwezinkokhelo ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala, labo abamukeli abasebenza ndawonye.

Ngokwezibalo, abantu abangaba ngu-220,000 bayabonakala njengabahola impesheni. Futhi uma ukukhanselwa kwemali yempesheni ekusebenziseni abahola impesheni kuyomiswa ngumthetho, umbuso uzokwazi ukulondoloza ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-16. Emva kweminyaka eminingana yomsebenzi, lesi sibalo silinganiselwa ku-60 billion.

Kwenzekani empesheni emva kokuqala ukusebenza kwezinguquko?

Ngokwezinga elikhulu, izinguquko zibophezelekile ukwakha inqubo entsha yokubala impesheni kanye nemibandela okufanele iqoke ngayo. Kuze kube manje, ama-coefficients asevele asungulwe ama-coefficients, ubukhulu bawo obuncike ngokuqondile emlandweni womsebenzi womsebenzi womuntu: ubude bomsebenzi, umholo, inani lemali ekhishwe esikhwameni sentela. Ngokomthetho we-400-F3, namuhla ifomula inefomu elandelayo: I-JV (index of inshuwalense yenkomba yempesheni) = I-PKI (inani lamaphoyinti atholakele) × CPC (izindleko ngokuhambisana ne-PKI) + FV (ingxenye ehleliwe yokukhokha intela).

Ngokomthetho omusha otholwe ngumthetho wamanje, kusukela ngosuku lokuqala ukusebenza kwezimfuneko ezintsha, inani lemali yokukhokha impesheni lihlelwa kabusha ngokwemigomo ebekiwe. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izimo eziphethwe ekuqaleni zizogcinwa futhi zicatshangelwe uma kwenziwa ukukhokhelwa kokugcina kwenyanga.

Ekhuluma ngokuqongelela, singasho ukuthi inqubo yokwenza imali ethile yanyanga zonke ayishintshile. Zonke izinguquko zithinteka kakhulu ohlangothini lwezomthetho, ngoba idokhumenti eyodwa yokubamba iqhaza yadalwa, lapho zonke izinhlinzeko ezifanele zibekiwe.

Umshuwalense uyingxenye yabasebenzi abahola impesheni

Ngokusho komthetho wamanje wezabasebenzi, uma kwenzeka umuntu enelungelo lokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngokomthetho, kodwa akazange azenzele ngenxa yezizathu zakhe, uyakwazi ukwandisa imali yakhe. Ukuvimbela lo msebenzi ngomsebenzi ohambisana nawo uhulumeni awusoze uwenze. Kodwa nansi ukubuyekezwa kwenqubo, ngokusho ukuthi impesheni ikhokhwa kubanikazi abahola impesheni, ezinhlelweni zakhe. Uma sikhuluma ngengxenye yomshuwalense, umyalo wokubala kwawo usuvele ushintshe izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, uma ngaphambi kokutholwa komthetho omusha umqondo wempahla yempesheni noma imali eyinhloko isasebenza, kuze kube yimanje zonke izinkomba zihanjiswe kumaphuzu.

Ingxabano ibangelwa Isigaba 18 soMthetho We-Federal "Emisebenzini Yempesheni Yezabasebenzi," okusho ukuthi ukutholakala kwengxenye yomshuwalense kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwedatha etholakalayo kumuntu e-RF PF. Kodwa-ke, ngokusebenza, ukubalwa komuntu ngamunye kwenzeka, ngokusekelwe kulokho inani lokukhokha lwakhiwa. Izindlela ezinjalo zikhombisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uyaziphendulela kanjani. Inqubo iye yaba lula kakhulu nokufika kwezinhlelo ze-elektroniki ezikwazi ukwenza zonke izibalo ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ukubalwa kwempesheni ekhokhelwa imali

Ingxenye yokuqoqa ayithathwa ize. Eqinisweni, inikezwa abantu kuyo yonke impilo yabo. Kuze kube manje, kuvamile ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezintathu zokukhokha ingxenye exhaswe ngemali: isistimu yesikhathi esisodwa, okuphuthumayo (njengomthetho, uma kwenziwa isicelo esithile) kanye nengxenye exhaswe ngemali (ekhokhwa isimo sokuphila ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni yobudala). Inkokhelo ngayinye yenziwa kuphela ngabanye futhi ingaba nemiqondo ethile. Umbuzo wokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokuntuleka kwesistimu olubhekene nalo olubhekwa njengalolu cala ngalunye.

Ukuchitshiyelwa kwemali okumele ikhokhwe njengempesheni

Emuva ekuqaleni kuka-2015, uhulumeni wakhulisa umbuzo wokuthi kusemqoka kanjani ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqoqa amapensheni kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka yobudala ka-1967. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi labo bantu abaye banquma ukuthi kungaba inzuzo kakhulu ukudlulisela impesheni yabo ezinhlanganweni ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni bangase basebenze uhlelo oluxhaswe ngemali. Abantu abangazange bahambise noma yikuphi uhlelo lokusebenza abahlanganyeli ngokuzenzekelayo inqubo yempesheni yokuqongelela.

Njengomthetho, noma iyiphi ingxenye yokukhokha intela ingalungiswa ngokuhambisana nezinguquko kumkhakha wezenhlalakahle noma wezomnotho. Ngokuvame ukwenzeka ngo-Agasti wonyaka ngamunye, lapho kubalwa khona futhi ingxenye engakafakwa ngaphambilini ibalwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi isiKhwama sePhensi kaHulumeni sinqume ukulungisa inani lokukhokha kumacala ahlukene, lowo muntu uthola inani elingekho ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kusukela ngosuku lokufaka isicelo.

Isiqunto sokuqeda ukufakwa kwesigaba sokusebenza kwabasebenzi bempesheni

Ngo-2016, ngesinyathelo soMnyango Wezabasebenzi, kunqunywe ukuba kungabonakali izinkokhelo kulabo asebefike eminyakeni yobudala, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo baqhubeke besebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mthetho usebenza kuze kufike ngo-2019. Isimo esifanayo sakhiwe ngesisekelo sokuthi labo abathola umholo abadingi ukufakwa kwezindleko kabi, ngoba banomthombo owengeziwe wemali engenayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wokukhokhwa kwezimpesheni kubantu abahola impesheni uhlinzeka:

1. Isihlomelo emva kokuqedwa komsebenzi wezabasebenzi.
2. Ukwanda kwenani elinqunyiwe lokukhokha uma umuntu engumlindi noma umzali wengane egulayo.
3. Ukwandisa izinkokhelo ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni engu-80.
4. Ukulungiswa kabusha uma kwenzeka ukukhubazeka noma okunye okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi, okwakungacatshangwanga ngaphambili.

Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ngokutholwa komthetho omusha, ukukhokhwa kwempesheni kubasebenzi abahola impesheni kumisiwe. Ukubalwa kwayo kuphela kuphelile. Futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukubuyiselwa kabusha kungenzeka futhi.

Usayizi wempesheni yomhlalaphansi

Ekupheleni kuka-2016, i-PF kufanele ibhale ukuthi umuntu, ngemuva kweminyaka ethile, uqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Ulwazi olungeziwe mayelana nomsebenzi kufanele luhlinzekwe nakanjani ngumhlalaphansi. Uma, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, lowo muntu unquma ukuthi unelungelo lokwandisa impesheni, ungafaka isicelo ngasinye futhi ufake isicelo sokubuyekeza nokulungiswa kwemali etholakalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umhlalaphansi eshiya futhi engasaphinde ahlele ukusebenza, kumele futhi afake lolu lwazi nomnyango wempesheni endaweni yakhe yokuhlala, ngoba ukufakwa kwe-othomathikhi okuzenzakalelayo ngeke kuqale ngaphandle kwalo. Njengomthetho, ukubhalisa njalo kunomthelela ekwandeni ngobukhulu bokukhokha inzuzo yempesheni. Ukubuyiselwa okudingekayo kuyakha ekupheleni kwekota. Uma kunqunywa ukuthi umsebenzi womuntu usufike eminyakeni ethile, akukho ukukhishwa kwe-indexation.

Ingabe izinkokhelo zempesheni zizokhanselwa kubanikezwa impesheni?

Ngokuphathelene nezinguquko zakamuva kule ndawo, le nkinga inenkathazo eminingi. Umthetho oyilungiswayo ekukhokhweni kwempesheni kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni okwenzelwe kuphela ukuqedwa kokufakwa kwezindleko. Ukukhishwa kwezinzuzo zemali ngokuphathelene nokubuya esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngeke kukhanselwe. Nakuba uMnyango WezabaSebenzi unikeze izinkokhelo ezintsha kubasebenzi abahola impesheni, ngokusho ukuthi, bangathola yini abantu abafanelekile lokhu, ngokuchibiyela ukuthi imali yabo eyisisekelo ayidluli i-ruble million eyi-1 ngonyaka. Kodwa isiphakamiso esinjalo sithole ama-76% wamavoti angalungile uma kucatshangelwa kwingxoxo yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, umthethosivivinywa ngokuqondene nokukhokhela izimpesheni kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni awuzange wamukelwe.

Isiphetho

Ngo-2017, ukukhokhwa kwezimpesheni kuya kwabasebenzi abahola impesheni kuhlala kuhambisana nabantu abake benqabe ukwenza imisebenzi yabo. Umehluko okuwukuphela kokuqedwa kokukhomba. Kodwa ngoHulumeni, uma umuntu esenza isinqumo sokuqeda imisebenzi yakhe, uzoba nelungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo.