Izakhiwo Chemical ka alcohols

Hydrocarbon nemikhiqizo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen e-molecule, ukufaka endaweni ku iqembu -OH (iqembu hydroxyl noma iqembu hydroxy), - ke alcohols. I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kunqunywa hydrocarbon ezinkulu futhi iqembu hydroxyl. Alcohols yakha ahlukene homologous uchungechunge therein omele ngayinye esihluke zilandelana ilungu esandulele ngoba homology umehluko elihambisana = CH2. Zonke izinto alesi sigaba kungenziwa emelelwa ifomula: R-OH. Ukuze compounds monohydric nokukhawulela jikelele chemical Ifomula CnH2n + 1OH. Ngokusho amagama ngesilwane esifuywayo ngamazwe bangase zimiswe ngokungeza hydrocarbon Ukuvalwa ol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, njll).

Lena ekilasini wehlukile kakhulu futhi ebanzi zamakhemikhali. Kuye inani amaqembu -OH e-molecule, ihlukaniswe yaba mono-, thini futhi trihydric nokunye - kwakwakhe polyhydric. izakhiwo Chemical we alcohols futhi ancike okuqukethwe amaqembu hydroxyl amaqembu i-molecule elilodwa. Lezi izinto angathathi hlangothi futhi musa Nqamula ku ion emanzini, ezifana acid eqinile noma elisekela eqinile. Nokho, kungase kube njengoba wavuma esidi (encishisiwe nokwanda kwenani utshwala isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ekhelini yochungechunge hydrocarbon) noma eziyisisekelo (ngesivalo okwandisa isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ekhelini-molecule) izakhiwo.

Chemical izakhiwo alcohols kuxhomeke ohlotsheni futhi ilungiselelo kwezendawo ama-athomu:-molecule nge isomerism iketango isikhundla isomers. Kuye inombolo enkulu izibopho olulodwa kuyi-athomu ye-carbon (iqembu hydroxy nakanjani) nabanye kuma-atom carbon (ne 1 st, 2 noma 3) ukuhlukanisa alcohols oyinhloko (evamile), lesibili noma ephakeme. alcohols Primary abe iqembu hydroxyl enamathiselwe carbon athomu eyinhloko. Ngezinye nemayunivesithi - kuya nemayunivesithi, ngokulandelana. Njengoba propanol avele isomers ukuthi kuhluke isikhundla eqenjini hydroxyl: propyl utshwala C3H7-OH, futhi isopropyl alcohol CH3- (CHOH) -CH3.

Kuyadingeka uma sibala ezimbalwa nje ukusabela main agcwele izakhiwo amakhemikhali alcohols:

1. Lapho uxhumana izinsimbi alikhali noma hydroxides (deprotonation ukuphendula) alcoholates kwakhiwa (hydrogen atom esikhundleni athomu metal), kuncike hydrocarbon olukhulu etholwe methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide nokunye, isibonelo, i-sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Lapho uxhumana kanzulu hydrohalic acid kwakhiwa hydrocarbon halogenated: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela emuva. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka esikhundleni nucleophilic we ion Halogen, iqembu hydroxyl.
3. Alcohols kungenziwa oxidized ukuze carbon dioxide, ukuze aldehydes noma ketones ukuba. Alcohols niyishise khona komoya-mpilo: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Ngaphansi kwethonya ejenti enamandla oxidizing (chromic acid, i-potassium permanganate , njll) alcohols eyinhloko aguqulwa ku aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, kanye yesibili - ukuze ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ukuphendula wabe phezu Ukushisa ebukhoneni ejenti dehydrating (zinc chloride, sulfuric acid, njll). Lokhu kukhipha alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. Ukusabela esterification futhi wabe phezu Ukushisa ebukhoneni compounds dehydrating, kodwa, ngokuphambene ukusabela odlule ezingeni lokushisa aphansi futhi ukwakha ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Nge-sulfuric acid, ukusabela Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Okokuqala, kwakhiwa sulfuric acid ester is: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, kulandele Ukushisa ukuze 140 ° C futhi ngokweqile utshwala Kumiswa, diethyl (uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi sulphur) ether: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali polyols, by Isifaniso nge izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama incike uhlobo hydrocarbon olukhulu, ukwakha i-molecule, futhi yebo, inani amaqembu hydroxyl therein. Ngokwesibonelo, ethylene glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (ukuvala abacaphuni 197 ° C), okuyinto 2 utshwala-athomu uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle (ukunambitheka elimnandi), okuyinto ixubene H2O, futhi alcohols ephansi kuzo zonke ngezabelo. Ethylene glycol njengoba homologues ephakeme yalo beze bonke ukusabela nobuntu alcohols monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (ukuvala abacaphuni 290 ° C) omele elula 3 alcohols athomu. Kuyinto mnandi uketshezi obukhulu, okuyinto ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho amanzi, kodwa ixubene ke kunoma iyiphi isilinganiso. Encibilikayo otshwaleni. Ukuze glycerin futhi homologues yayo nazo libhekene zonke ukusabela alcohols monohydric.

Chemical izakhiwo alcohols ichaze izinkomba kwesicelo sabo. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo fuel (ethanol noma butanol, njll), njengoba uketshezi ezihlukahlukene izimboni; njengoba impahla eluhlaza for ukukhiqizwa surfactants kanye insipho; I-synthesis izinto polymeric. Abanye bale class of organic compounds kabanzi njengendlela zokugcoba noma uketshezi wokubacindezela, futhi womshini ukuthaka imithi ngendlela kanye izinto eziphila abakhuthele.