I-Chromium, isici chemical: incazelo, izakhiwo, kanye kwebalingisi of ifomula

I-Chromium - elementi ikhemikhali idijithi kanambambili 24. Lesi kanzima, shiny, steel-grey metal okuyinto kahle emihle, futhi akusho ukudunga. Asetshenziswa Alloys ezifana insimbi engagqwali, futhi njengoba enamathela. Umzimba kudingeka esincane trivalent chromium ushukela umzimba kodwa Kr (VI) kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu.

Abahlukahlukene chromium yingxube njenge-chromium oxide (III) kanye chromate phambili, kuthiwa egqamile futhi asetshenziswa upende zombala. Ruby obomvu umbala ngenxa yokuba khona kwalesi sakhi zamakhemikhali. izinto ezithile, ikakhulukazi dichromate potassium kanye sodium oxidants ezisetshenziswa namachibi of organic compounds, futhi (nge sulfuric acid) ukuze bahlanze glassware. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chromium oxide (VI) isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yemigoqo ethile eminyangweni kahulumeni kazibuthe.

Ukutholwa futhi etymology

History of the ukutholakala yesici kumakhemikhali chromium. Ngo 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann atholakala ezintabeni Ural orange-bomvu amaminerali, walibiza "abaholayo laseSiberia ebomvu." Nakuba liye ngephutha njengoba kwakwakhe nomthofu nge selenium nensimbi, indaba empeleni kuyinto phambili chromate chemical ifomula PbCrO _4. njengoba krokont amaminerali Namuhla waziwa.

Ngo-1770, Peter Simon uPallas wavakashela indawo lapho Lehman Uthole elibomvu phambili amaminerali ukuthi kwadingeka izici ezibaluleke kakhulu sombala e upende. Ukusetshenziswa phambili laseSiberia obomvu njengoba upende yazuza ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala ophuzi krokonta yimfashini.

Ngo-1797, uNicolas-Lui Voklen wathola amasampula walokho okubomvu phambili emkhandweni wensimbi. Krokonta ngokuxuba ngayo hydrochloric acid kwaba CrO ₃ oxide. I-Chromium njengoba isici chemical ahlukanisa e 1798. Vauquelin etholwe amalahle oxide ne namalahle ke. Ube engumlobi njalo sikwazi ukuzwa iminonjana chromium e namatshe ayigugu ezifana irubi nesimaragidu.

Ngo 1800s futhi Kr ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa upende lesikhumba nosawoti. Namuhla u-85% we-metal asetshenziswe Alloys. Abanye bonke obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali, womshini Refractories futhi Foundry umkhakha.

Singaqiniseki isici chromium chemical sifana χρῶμα ngesiGreki, elisho "umbala", ngoba sebuningini compounds ezinemibala okuyinto ingalungiswa yilo.

Izimayini ezisemthethweni nokukhiqizwa kwe

Elementi ikhiqizwa chromite (FeCr ₂ O _4). Cishe ingxenye yaleli ore limbiwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kazakhstan, India nase Turkey abakhiqizi yayo enkulu. Uhlole idiphozithi yanoma chromite ngokwanele, kodwa emhlabeni ezithandwa e Kazakhstan laseMzansi.

I idiphozithi yanoma bomdabu chromium metal ezingajwayelekile, kodwa zikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi likhiqizwa emayini "Kuphumelele" eRussia. Kuyinto ipayipi kimberlite eligcwele amadayimane, futhi imvelo ekunciphiseni wasiza ngesimo chromium okumsulwa kanye diamonds.

Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yezimboni chromite metal ore iphathwa nge oncibilikisiwe alikhali (i-sodium hydroxide, NaOH). Loku sodium chromate (Na ₂ CrO _4), okuyinto kuyehla ne-carbon ku CR ₂ O ₃ oxide. Oxide sensimbi etholwe amalahle ebukhoneni aluminiyamu noma silicon.

abangaba yizigidi ezingu-15 amathani ore chromite zakhiqizwa ngonyaka ka-2000, lapho sicutshungulwe ku-4 million amathani ferrochrome, 70% siqukethe chromium Iron ingxubevange, inani lemakethe kulinganiselwa kwaba $ 2.5 Bln.

Izici Key

Isici chemical isici chromium kungenxa yokuthi kuba metal inguqulelo kwesikhathi wesine etafuleni gqwa elise phakathi vanadium kanye manganese. Afakwe iqembu VI. Lincibilike at 1907 ° C. Ephambi kwezinduna umoya-mpilo-chrome ngokushesha yakha ungqimba ezondile oxide ukuthi ivikela metal asabela okwengeziwe nomoya-mpilo.

Njengoba isici zesikhashana, ke ihlangana izinto okungu ezahlukene. Ngakho it yakha compounds nge ezahlukene degree of namachibi. I-Chromium - chemical isici nge uthi ukhiye +2, +3 futhi +6, zazo 3 esitebeleni kunazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni ezingavamile, kukhona isimo +1, +4 futhi +5. chromium compounds esimweni namachibi +6 kukhona oxidizers eqinile.

Yini loko lobhala-chrome? Chemical isici unika anodized aluminium irubi luhlaza. Kr ₂ O ₃ isetshenziselwa ezipholisha metal, futhi lisetshenziswa njengendlela nesithako sombala okuthiwa "imifino chrome". usawoti yakhe namabala ingilazi Itshe elincane eliluhlaza eliyigugu. I-Chromium - isici chemical kabani khona kwenza obomvu irubi. Ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni zokwenziwa ngeyamarubi.

isotopes

Isotopes babe chromium atomic weight kusuka 43 kuya 67. Ngokuvamile, esebenzayo chemical isici siqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu ezinzile: ⁵² Kr, ⁵³ Kr futhi ⁵⁴ Kr. Kule midlalo, ezivamile ⁵² Kr (83,8% wabo bonke chromium zemvelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, radioisotopes echazwe 19, zazo esitebeleni kunazo ⁵⁰ Kr nge nengxenye-ukuphila kukhulu kune 1,8x10 ¹⁷ iminyaka. ^Ngo-51 Kr isigamu-ukuphila - izinsuku 27.7, futhi zonke ezinye isotopes enemisebe ingeqi amahora angu-24, futhi iningi labo kuthatha ngomzuzu engaphansi. I element Ubuye amabili meta.

I-Chromium isotopes e uqweqwe eMhlabeni, zaziye IKhompyuthaYami manganese, okuyinto esetshenziswa komhlaba. ⁵³ Kr ezakhiwe kwamazinyo enemisebe ka ⁵³ MN. Isilinganiso MN / Kr IKhompyuthaYami kuqinisa nezinye ulwazi ngomlando ekuseni sonozungezilanga. Izinguquko olinganise ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Kr futhi MN / Kr wazo ezahlukene kufakazela ukuthi nuclei entsha ayebekelwe ngokushesha ngaphambi kumiswa zesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Chemical isici chromium: izakhiwo, zezakhi ifomula

I-Chromium oxide (III) Kr ₂ O _3, eyaziwa nangokuthi sesquioxide, ingenye ezine oxide lapho lesi sakhi zamakhemikhali. It is etholakala chromite. Compound oluhlaza ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "oluhlaza-chrome," uma lisetshenziswa njengendlela sombala for Umdwebo ku koqweqwe lwawo kanye namabhodlela. Oxide kungenziwa oncibilikiswe acid ukwakha usawoti, kanye alikhali oncibilikisiwe - chromites.

potassium dichromate

K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ eyisidalwa esinenkululeko enamandla oxidizing futhi kutuswa njengendlela wokuhlanza glassware kusukela engokwemvelo. Ngenxa yale njongo isisetshenziswa isixazululo ayegcwele of kanzulu sulfuric acid. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, it is esikhundleni nge-sodium dichromate, esekelwe solubility ephakeme lakamuva. Ngaphandle, kungaba ikambiso ye namachibi of organic compounds ngokuguqula ugologo eyinhloko i aldehyde abese-carbon dioxide.

potassium dichromate chromium kungabangela dermatitis. Cishe-Chrome kuyimbangela sensitization okuholela ukuthuthukiswa dermatitis, ikakhulukazi kwezandla ngemilenze, okuyinto chronic nzima ukuba amphulukise. Njengezinye compounds of Kr (VI), i-potassium dichromate umdlavuza. Kufanele sisingathwe amagilavu kanye nokuvikelwa ezifanele.

chromic acid

kwakwakhe yezinto ngokohlaka H ₂ CrO _4. Ngiphakathi-Chrome noma dichromate esidi ingekho nemvelo, kodwa anions zabo zitholakala tintfo letitinhlobonhlobo. "Chromic acid" engatholwa isendalini, eqinisweni kuyinto anhydride acid - trioxide CrO _3.

chromate Lead (II)

PbCrO ₄ has umbala ophuzi futhi cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uye wathola isicelo njengoba sombala Umbala, ngokuthi "imiqhele ophuzi."

Kr futhi pentavalent Nathi

Chrome zihlukaniswa ikhono layo ukwakha pentavalent uxhumano. Compound kudala Kr (I) kanye hydrocarbon olukhulu. Pentavalent ukubona uthando olwakheka phakathi ama-athomu chromium. ifomula wayo singatlolwa bunjesi Ar-Kr-Kr-Ari, lapho Ar limelela eqenjini elithile elimnandi.

isicelo

I-Chromium - chemical isici kabani izakhiwo wanikeza izicelo eziningi ezahlukene, ezinye zazo aboniswa ngezansi.

Izinsimbi ke ayinika ukumelana ukugqwala futhi surface ecwebezelayo. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye Alloys-chrome ezifana insimbi engagqwali, wasebenzisa isibonelo Cutlery. Iphinde isetshenziselwe sokusebenzisa enamathela-chrome.

Chromium kulethe ukusabela okuhlukahlukene. Ngoba kwenza isikhunta ukuze labadubuli izitini. nosawoti wayo ezishukiwe isikhumba. potassium bichromate osetshenziselwa namachibi of organic compounds ezifana alcohols futhi aldehydes, kanye wokuhlanza glassware. It ukhonza njengelungu ejenti kokungathembeki olungele ukudaya indwangu, futhi lisetshenziswa nasekuthandeni izinto izithombe kanye zokunyathelisa.

CrO ₃ esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa opholile kazibuthe (isibonelo, irekhodi) anezici ungcono amafilimu nge yensimbi oxide.

Indima eziphilayo

Trivalent chromium - adi- adingekayo umzimba ushukela abantu. Ngokuphambene, hexavalent Kr kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu.

izinyathelo zokuqapha

Metallic chromium kwakwakhe Kr (III), ngokuvamile akubhekwa abe yingozi empilweni, kodwa izinto equkethe Kr (VI), kungaba nobuthi uma udle noma imuncwe. Iningi izinto ezinjalo kuyacasula emehlweni, isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Nge ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo chromium compounds (VI) kungadala ukulimala kweso uma singelashwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umdlavuza ayibonwa. A umthamo olubulala element kwamakhemikhali - mayelana kwengxenye isipuni. Ngokwe-izincomo-World Health Organization, esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe of Kr (VI) emanzini okuphuza 0.05 mg ilitha.

Kusukela compounds chromium asetshenziswa udayi futhi ukushuka isikhumba, avame ezitholakala enhlabathini bese komhlaba belahla izindawo zezimboni ezidinga ukubuthwa kwemvelo nokulungiswa kwesimo esidalekile. Primer equkethe Kr (VI), namanje kabanzi umkhakha aerospace kanye embonini yezimoto.

isici izakhiwo

I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama of chromium zimi kanje:

• Inombolo athomu angu-24.
• isisindo Atomic: 51,996.
• Ukuma: 1890 ° C.
• iphuzu Abilayo: 2482 ° C.
• Isimo namachibi of +2, +3, +6.
• Electron ukucushwa: [Ar] 3d ⁵ 4s ^1.