Yisiphi isisusa: ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yomqondo

Izinkolelo zokugqugquzela zakhiwe yizikole ezihlukahlukene zesayensi esikhathini eside eside, futhi kuze kube yimanje, kuye kwaqalwa izindlela eziningi zesayensi ukuze kuchaze lesi simo. A.N. Ngokwesibonelo, uLeont'ev wayekholelwa ukuthi isisusa kanye nokugqugquzela kwengqondo kubonisa insimu yonke yesithakazelo sezesayensi, lapho imibuzo yamakhono, ukuguquguquka kwezinqubo zengqondo ezihlobene nolwazi nokufana kwazo kufundelwa. Ngakho-ke, impendulo yombuzo, iyini injongo, wayeyifuna emithonjeni yakhe - umsebenzi osebenzayo. Le ndlela yokwenza isayensi yayibizwa ngokuthi ingqondo, lapho ulwazi nolwazi luhlala khona.

Ezinye izindlela ziye zahlola isisusa njengengxenye yesimo sokuziphatha nokubaluleka. Ikakhulukazi, i-Atkinson yahlakulela umqondo wokuthi, ngaphezu kwesici esifanele sokufunda, isisusa sasibhekwa njengomqondisi wokuziphatha, okungukuthi, ukubaluleka kwayo kwandisiwe, okwandisa cishe yonke insizakalo yobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle.

Ngendlela ejwayelekile, izisusa zingahunyushwa njengezizathu eziqhubekayo zomuntu ukwenza noma yiziphi izenzo, izenzo, noma ngisho nokuziphatha ngendlela ethile yokuphila. Ukugqugquzela kulo mongo kubonakala njengenqubo eguquguqukayo, efaka ukuqaliswa kokuziphatha komuntu, incazelo yokuqondisa kwalokhu kuziphatha, incazelo yayo ngokwayo kanye nabanye, inhlangano kanye nomsebenzi, okungukuthi, izinga lokusimama komsebenzi ngokuhambisana nale njongo.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yisisusa siphi isigaba sokuqala sesici sesidingo somuntu. Lokhu kubonisa amandla ayo, imvamisa yokubonakaliswa nokuvela, izindlela nezindlela zokuqaphela. Esinye isisusa esibaluleke kakhulu njengoba umqondo uthola ekutadisheni ngenhloso yomsebenzi wesintu. Lapha isimo sawo sibonakala ukuthi sinquma ukubaluleka komgomo kanye nezinga lokuqaphela kwalo. Iqiniso liwukuthi isisusa sokuziphatha sivame ukubonakaliswa njengomuntu owaziyo futhi engazi lutho

Ukuze uhleleke ngokucophelela ukuthi yisiphi isisusa, futhi yikuphi ukuhumusha kwesayensi okwamkelwe futhi kwakhiwa kwisayensi, kungcono ukukhombisa okuqukethwe kwemiqondo eye yasungulwa kwengqondo ngokuphathelene nale nkinga.

Inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin yanikeza umfutho ekutadisheni isimo sengqondo somuntu kuqala ekuqaleni kwezinga lemvelo. Freud, McDagouall, Pavlov, nabanye bafuna ukuchaza izinhlobo eziningi (uma kungenjalo) izinhlobo zokuziphatha komuntu ngesenzo sezinkanyezi zangasese, ezazibhekwa njengezimbangela eziyinhloko zokugqugquzela. Khona-ke isimo esinganiselwe sale ncazelo senze ukuba kuvele inkolelo yokuziphatha (ukuziphatha).

Lezi ziqondiso zengqondo zazichazwe ngokucacile emibhalweni ka-Watson, uHull, no-Skinner, lapho bazama khona ukuchaza isisusa njengendlela yokuziphatha okuyi-deterministic, into evuselelayo. U-Bernstein no-Anokhin bafaka isandla esikhulu ekuthuthukiseni leli gatsha lokwelapha kwengqondo futhi bathole ukuthi yisiphi isisusa nokuthi isimo salo sini.

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, imfundiso eyaziwa kakhulu "yomphakathi jikelele wokusetshenziswa komsebenzi" yasungulwa, omunye wabafundisi be-W. Maslow. Abamele lesi sikole sesayensi bahumusha isisusa njengento eguquguqukayo, eguquke ngokuvumelana nezidingo zabantu. Labo bebafana kanje. Izidingo zakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi zihambisane nokuphila komuntu. Ama-dynamics abo yilokhu okulandelayo: Okokuqala, izidingo zomzimba, ukulamba, ukoma, njll) kudingeka zivele futhi, ngokulandelana, izidingo zokuphepha, ekuthandweni nasekuthandeni, ngokuhlonipha, ngolwazi namakhono (ukuqonda), ngokuzikhohlisa (ukufeza imigomo yomuntu) . Ngokufanayo nale nqubo kukhona inqubo yentuthuko yesigaba sokugqugquzela somuntu, okungenzeka sekwephuzile ngokuphathelene nezidingo, noma kungase kube khona. Lokhu ukuphikisa noma ukuvumelana, ekuhloliseni kokugcina, kunquma ukuziphatha komuntu emphakathini.