Thomas Alva Edison: Biography nesithombe

Thomas Alva Edison (isithombe kuboniswa kamuva esihlokweni) - umsunguli American oye bhalisiwe irekhodi 1.093 patent. Wabuye wadala zezimboni zocwaningo laboratory kuqala.

Thomas Alva Edison - ngubani?

Ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe e-1863, osemusha ehhovisi yocingo, lapho cishe komthombo amandla kwaba ibhethri bakudala, kukuwe kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1931, wahlanganyela kusondela ngenkathi ugesi. Kusukela laboratories yayo kanye nemihlangano yokufundisa kwafika igilamafoni, izinkulumo imakhrofoni carbon capsule, esikhipha, generator mbuso ka kahle engakaze ibonwe, uhlelo lokuqala ukukhanyisa commercial futhi ugesi, zokuhlola ujantshi osebenza ngogesi, izakhi eziyisisekelo imishini ifilimu, futhi izinto eziningi ezafika nomuntu.

Umlando Omfushane esemncane

Thomas Alva Edison wazalwa ngo 11.02.1847, e Maylene, Ohio, emkhayeni Samyuelya Edisona futhi Nensi Eliot. Abazali babalekela e-United States esuka eCanada emva ukuzibandakanya zikayise kwavukelwa Mackenzie e 1837. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7, nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela Port Huron, Michigan. Thomas Alva Edison, ezinganeni eziyisikhombisa, waphila lapha kwaze kwaba waqala ukuphila kwakhe eneminyaka engu-nesithupha. Esikoleni, wafunda kancane kakhulu, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ukufunda, zibhalwe futhi izibalo bamfundisa ngunina, uthisha. Wayehlale ingane ukwazi kakhulu futhi welulela ulwazi ngokwalo.

Thomas Alva Edison wachitha esengumntwana, eziningi ukufundwa, futhi imithombo ugqozi wakhe kwaba incwadi ethi "The School of Philosophy Yemvelo" R. Parker "Cooper Union ekunyusweni isayensi kanye nobuciko." I isifiso sokuziphakamisa ngcono wahlala ukuphila kwakhe konke.

Alva waqala ukusebenza zisencane, njengabantwana kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngezinye 13 Waqhubeka ukusebenza umdayisi amaphephandaba candy kwaloliwe wendawo ngokuxhumanisa Port Huron eDetroit. Isikhathi sakhe esiningi khulula ayesibekela ukufunda izincwadi zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe, futhi wabamba lelo thuba ufunde ukusebenza yocingo. Lapho sengineminyaka engu-16, u-Edison yayisivele wazibonela ngokwanele ukuba babe izikhonzi zesikhathi esigcwele telegrapher.

Ukusungulwa lokuqala

Ukuthuthukiswa yocingo kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala inguquko zokuxhumana, futhi engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, lakhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kwanika Edison nozakwabo ngazo zombili ithuba lokuya, bheka zwe futhi bathole isipiliyoni. Alva uye wasebenza eziningana emadolobheni kuyo yonke iUnited States phambi 1868 efika eBoston. Lapha Edison zaqala ukushintsha umsebenzi wakhe ukuze umsunguli yocingo. Yena lobunikazi le kagesi ivoti rekhoda - idivayisi yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa emizimbeni akhethwe ezifana Congress, ukusheshisa inqubo. Ukusungulwa alizange lidayiswe. Edison wanquma ukuthi esikhathini esizayo uzofika nezinto kuphela okufunekayo umphakathi ukuthi qiniseka ngokuphelele.

Thomas Alva Edison: A Biography of umsunguli

Ngo-1869 wathuthela e-New York, lapho aqhubeka khona ukusebenza ngcono yocingo futhi wadala yakhe kudivayisi lokuqala yimpumelelo - ". Jikelele isitokwe iphrinta" exchange apharathasi Thomas Alva Edison, ezisunguliwe okuyinto bamlethela 40 eziyinkulungwane. Dollar, kwadingeka izimali ezidingekayo ngo-1871 i-kuvulwa izikhungo zayo kuqala encane laboratory kanye yokukhiqiza Newark, New Jersey. Eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo uye yasungulwa futhi wenza idivayisi, kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ijubane nokusebenza the yocingo. Edison wayebuye athole isikhathi sokushada Mary Stilwell bese uqale umndeni.

Ngo-1876, wathengisa zonke ukukhiqizwa yayo e Newark futhi zayiswa umkakhe, izingane kanye nabasebenzi edolobhaneni elincane Menlo Park, 40 km eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-New York City. Edison eyakhelwe into entsha equkethe konke okudingayo umsebenzi evelele. Lokhu laboratory ucwaningo kwaba uhlobo lwayo lokuqala futhi uye waba isibonelo sokuba izikhungo kamuva ezifana i-Bell Laboratories. Kuthiwa futhi ukuthi ubeyisibenzi wakhe wokusungula enkulu. Lapha Edison zaqala ukushintsha izwe.

Igilamafoni lokuqala

Ukusungulwa wokuqala omkhulu e Menlo Park waba ucwecwe-negilamafoni. Umshini wokuqala ukuthi ungaqopha futhi udlale emuva umsindo, wadala furor futhi waletha Edison udumo ngamazwe. Ngalo, yena babuka izwe futhi ngo-Ephreli 1878 wamenywa ukuba White House lokubonisa igilamafomu uMongameli uRutherford Hayes.

ukukhanya kagesi

Le nkampani elandelayo omkhulu Edison kwakuthiwa ukuthuthukiswa olungokoqobo esikhipha isibani. Umqondo ukukhanya kagesi Kwakungekusha, futhi kakade abantu eziningana ziye zasebenza lapho ke, ngisho ukuthuthukisa ezinye izinhlobo zawo. Kodwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ke asenziwanga noma yini eyayingase ibe usizo ukusetshenziswa ekhaya.

Edison sika okusungulile sokunconywa akuyona kuphela esikhipha, kodwa futhi uhlelo ugesi, eyayintula konke okudingeka ibe usizo, ephephile futhi ukonga. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-nenxenye ubelokhu yimpumelelo, lapho ngesibani esikhipha, okuyinto esetshenziswa ube intambo izibani carbonized amahora 13.5.

Umbhikisho wokuqala womphakathi kohlelo ukukhanyisa owawuse ngo-December 1879, lapho kwaba ifakwe lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi laboratories e Menlo Park. Eminyakeni elandelako embalwa umsunguli uye wasebenzisa ukudalwa ugesi. Ngo-September 1882, yena waqala waba ukusebenza commercial amandla esiteshini lokuqala isendaweni Pearl Street Lower Manhattan, okuyinto ugesi nokukhanya kumakhasimende phezu indawo imayela elilodwa sikwele. Waqala kanjalo-ke ngenkathi ugesi.

Edison General Electric

kagesi ukukhanyisa impumelelo kwaholela umsunguli ukuze udumo nengcebo njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha zasakazeka ngokushesha ezweni. Electric Inkampani baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa baze ahlanganisiwe ngo-1889 e-"Edison General Electric." Naphezu ukusetshenziswa amagama umsunguli e igama corporation, akazange ukuyilawula. omningi dolobha adingekayo ukuthuthukiswa embonini izibani, wafuna izinto ngenkani edonsa amabhange utshalomali ezifana JP Morgan. Lapho 1892, Edison General Electric ihlanganiswe ne esincintisana zako ezisemqoka Thompson-Houston, umsunguli we igama isuswe igama layo.

Ukuba Ngabafelokazi Okwabathinta futhi umshado wesibili

Thomas Alva Edison, ukuphila kwakhe siqu ngo-1884 sonakala ngokufa nomkakhe uMary, akazange aphile isikhathi eside ukuba babanikele Menlo Park. Futhi ngenxa iqhaza ibhizinisi, waqala ukuhambela kukhona ngisho kancane. Kunalokho, yena labantwana bakhe abathathu - Marion Estelle, Thomas Alva Edison Jr. futhi Uilyam Lesli - wayehlala eNew York. Ngemva konyaka, uhlezi endlini yomngani eNew England, Edison wahlangana amabili Mina Miller wamthanda. Umshado senzeka ngo-February 1886, futhi lo mbhangqwana uthuthela West Orange, New Jersey, lapho umkhwenyana wathenga i umakoti wakhe izindlu Glenmont. Lo mbhangqwana wahlala lapha kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Laboratory e West Orange

Ngemva kokuthuthela e-Thomas Alva Edison eyingoduso ucwaningo e studio esikhashana ku amalambu Factory ku Harrison eseduze, eNew Jersey. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa umshado wakhe, wanquma ukwakha laboratory entsha e West yakhe Orange, ikhilomitha ukusuka ekhaya lakhe. Wathi eqambe kwadingeka imithombo eyanele kanye nobuchwepheshe ukwakha okungcono ayihlomele futhi laboratory enkulu, akalingani namuntu, sokuchuma esheshayo neshibhile ezisunguliwe.

Isakhiwo esisha izakhiwo ezinhlanu lavulwa ngo-November 1887. Laba bobathathu storey esakhiweni main babe namandla, workshop mechanical, emafektri, izindawo ucwaningo kanye wezincwadi omkhulu. izakhiwo ezincane ezine eyakhelwe perpendicular main ihlanganise ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo kanye laboratories Metallurgical, workshop for kudalwe amasampula futhi isitoreji amakhemikhali. Usayizi enkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi avunyelwe Edison ukusebenza hhayi omunye kodwa eziyishumi noma ezingamashumi amabili amaphrojekthi kanyekanye. Buildings ahlangana ndawonye noma kabusha ukuhlangabezana ezishintshayo izidingo umsunguli kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1931. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi emhlabeni lab babe eyakhelwe izimboni zokukhiqiza lokudalwa Edison sika. Yonke eziyinkimbinkimbi ekugcineni wathatha angaphezulu kwangu-8 amahektha, futhi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, abantu 10,000 wasebenza lapho.

ukurekhoda umkhakha

Ngemva kuvulwa elabhorethri entsha, Thomas Alva Edison aqhubeka ukusebenza igilamafoni, kodwa ke wasibeka ekupheleni 1870s waziphatha ukukhanya kagesi. Ngo-1890, waqala amagilamafoni ekhaya nokusetshenziswa ngokuhweba. Njenganoma ukukhanya kagesi, azidala konke ababekudinga ukuze umsebenzi wabo, kuhlanganise nakwamanye amadivaysi zokuqopha audio kanye nokudlala, kanye nemishini ladedelwa. Kulokhu, u-Edison wadala umkhakha irekhodi. Ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono igilamafoni waqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo futhi baqhubeka cishe kuya ekufeni umsunguli.

cinema

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Edison baqala ukuzakhela idivayisi olukwazi okwenza iso lokho igilamafoni - ngokuba ezindlebeni. Zaba yamabhayisikobho. Umsunguli uye wabonisa ke ngo-1891, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili waqala yokukhiqiza "ama-movie" e studio amancane, yakheke endaweni yokucwaninga, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Chernaya uMariya".

Njengasendabeni yabase yokukhanya kagesi kanye negilamafoni, kule uhlelo oluhlangene ukuze kwakhiwe futhi ukubonakaliswa amafilimu ke lakhiwe. Ekuqaleni, imisebenzi Edison kule movie ezintsha futhi original. Nokho, abantu abaningi banesithakazelo kule umkhakha omusha futhi wayefuna ukuthuthukisa ulwazi ekuqaleni umsebenzi cinematic ka umsunguli. Ngakho-ke, isandla ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha movie amaningi enziwe. Ekupheleni kwe-1890s ke uye wanda imboni entsha, futhi ngo-1918 th sekuyinto ukuncintisana okungaka ukuthi ngisho Edison waphuma zebhizinisi.

Ukuhluleka ore yensimbi

Kuyanda amagilamafoni nama-movie ku 1890s wasiza isinxephezelo ukwehluleka omkhulu kunayo yonke umsebenzi Edison. Sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi wayesebenza endaweni yokucwaninga futhi ezimayini ezindala yensimbi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-New Jersey ku izindlela isizinda nsimbi ukuyoba nokuhahela Izigayo steel of Pennsylvania. Ukuze sifake izimali lo msebenzi, Edison wawudayisa "General Electric" konke ngezabelo zabo.

Naphezu kweminyaka eyishumi futhi izigidi zamadola wachitha ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukeni, wehluleka ukwenza inqubo elizimele, waphelelwa yonke imali etshaliwe. Lokhu kungasho ukusaphazwa kwemali uma hhayi Edison baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa igilamafoni movie ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sinjani, umsunguli langena ekhulwini entsha ukuhlala nemali eyanele yokuzinakekela kuqala futhi ukulungele ukuba baphonse inselele entsha.

ibhethri ane-alikhali

Edison baba inselele entsha ukuthuthukisa amabhethri ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni kagesi. Umsunguli wayejabula kakhulu izimoto, futhi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe yena waba umnikazi we izinhlobo eziningi abasebenza ezahlukene imithombo yamandla. Edison yayikholelwa ukuthi ukuze nabo iyona engcono uphethiloli ugesi, kodwa amandla ezivamile amabhethri lead-acid lokhu kwakunganele. Ngo-1899 waqala umsebenzi ibhethri ane-alikhali. Le projekthi kwaba nzima kakhulu futhi Kwabathatha iminyaka eyishumi. Ngesikhathi amabhethri entsha ane-alikhali Ayekulungele, izimoto likaphethiloli ngcono ukuze izimoto kagesi ziye zasetshenziswa akuvamile, ngokuyinhloko njengendlela kwezidingo emizini. Nokho, amabhethri ane-alikhali zikufakazela wusizo ukukhanyisa ujantshi izimoto nezindlwana, buoys zasolwandle kanye abavukuzi izibani. Ngokungafani ore yensimbi, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu akhokhe ngokuphindwe ngekhulu inkokhiso, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibhethri isibe umkhiqizo enenzuzo kakhulu Edison.

Thomas A. Edison Inc.

Ngu-1911, uThomas Alva Edison bezazisa umsebenzi olunzulu ezimbonini West Orange. Emhlabeni izimboni lab eziningi, futhi abasebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi selingaphezu ayizinkulungwane eziningana eyakhelwe. Ukuqondisa kangcono umsebenzi, Edison wabutha wonke afike wasungula khona iSikhungo inkampani kwelinye corporation Thomas A. Edison Inc. uMengameli kabani usihlalo wayengubani. Wayeneminyaka engu-64 ubudala, futhi indima yakhe inkampani nasekuphileni yaqala ukushintsha. Edison unikezé kakhulu komsebenzi wabo wansuku zonke kwabanye. Ilabhorethri uqobo kuthatha ngaphansi ukuhlolwa yasekuqaleni futhi sithuthukise imikhiqizo ekhona. Nakuba u-Edison baqhubeka ukufaka futhi ukuthola amalungelo obunikazi nezinto ezintsha, izinsuku kokudaliweyo izinto ezintsha, ukushintsha izimpilo bese udala izimboni ezintsha, eshiyiwe.

Umsebenzi ku ukuzivikela

Ngo-1915, u-Edison wacelwa ukuba ngihole Naval Advisory Committee. US ayasondela iqhaza ngeMpi Yezwe I nokuthi ukudalwa ikomidi kwazanywa ukuhlela amakhono ososayensi eziholayo abaqambi yabo kuleli ngokwezibalo zika izithakazelo US amabutho ahlomile. Edison wamukele ukuqokwa. IBhodi ongakaze enze umnikelo obalulekile ekunqobeni kokugcina, kodwa wakhonza ukuba kube yisibonelo sokulandelwa esizayo nokubambisana yimpumelelo phakathi ososayensi, abaqambi kanye US amabutho ahlomile. Phakathi nempi, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe, Edison wachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa ku-Long Island emkhunjini we Navy, ukuzama izindlela ka ukuthola ngwenya.

Golden wejubili

Thomas Alva Edison bezinto kanye nezimboni waba liyikho, iwuphawu ibhizinisi American. Ngo-1928, eqaphela impumelelo yakhe, US Congress ukhishwa kuye ngendondo ekhethekile Ukuhlonishwa. Ngo-1929, izwe ayegubha wejubili yegolide ukukhanyisa kagesi. Umvuthwandaba leli holidi lenziwa idili behlonipha Edison, owanikela uHenry Ford at Greenfield Village Museum umlando omusha American (kwathiwa ngokuphelele laboratory lisungulwe kabusha nga-Menlo Park). Ukudumisa wavakashela uMongameli Gerbert Guver futhi abaningi ehola ososayensi American futhi abaqambi.

Indawo iraba

ucwaningo lwamuva nje empilweni Edison wenza ngesicelo bakhe abahle Genri Forda futhi Harvey Firestone ngasekupheleni 1920. Babefuna ukuthola umthombo ehlukile iraba ukuze isetshenziswe amathayi yezimoto. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ekukhiqizeni amathayi esetshenziswa iraba yemvelo ezikhishwe iraba isihlahla, okuyinto lukhula e-United States. iraba ongahluziwe amazwe futhi ngokuya eqolo. Nge isici amandla futhi ukuhlolisisa Edison lwakhe luvivinywe izinkulungwane izitshalo ezahlukene ukuthola esikhundleni efanelekayo, futhi ekugcineni wathola ukuthi esikhundleni the irabha kungaba Goldenrod. Lo msebenzi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekufeni umsunguli.

eminyakeni yamuva

Phakathi nezinyanga zokugcina ezimbili iminyaka yokuhamba Edison impilo yakhe iye yawohloka kakhulu. Wachitha isikhathi esiningi kude lab, esikhundleni usebenza kusuka ekhaya e Glenmont. Ukuvakashela villa umndeni e Fort Myers Florida baba eside. Edison lidlule ayisishiyagalombili, nezintombi yena wayehlushwa isifo izifo eziningi. Ngo-August 1931 lapho wagula kakhulu. impilo Edison sika bezilokhu ziya ziba zimbi, futhi ngezinye 3:21 am 18 Okthoba 1931 umsunguli elikhulu wafa.

It is esigama emva edolobheni e-New Jersey, amakolishi amabili nezikole eziningi.