Sakhiwo umsebenzi of DNA ne-RNA (Ithebula)

Kuyaziwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ophilayo ndaba, kusukela amagciwane kanye nesiphetfo izilwane ephakeme (kufaka phakathi abantu) abe apharathasi lezinceku esiyingqayizivele. Yena imelelwa molecule ezimbili izinhlobo acid nucleic: deoxyribonucleic futhi ribonucleic. Kulezi izinto eziphilayo okubhalwe ulwazi lidluliselwa umzali enzalweni abantu yokuzala. Kuleli phephandaba, sitadisha indlela lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti of DNA ne-RNA kuseli, kanye cabanga izindlela eziyimbangela yokuhlupheka izinqubo of ukudluliswa lezinceku izakhiwo ophilayo ndaba.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, property acid nucleic, nakuba ezinye izici ezivamile, Nokho, buhluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Ngakho-ke siqhathanisa DNA ne-RNA imisebenzi eyenziwa yilabo biopolymers kumaseli bezinhlanga ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ithebula evezwa iphepha kuzokusiza uqonde ukuthi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo.

acid nucleic - biopolymers eziyinkimbinkimbi

Okutholakele emkhakheni we-molecular biology ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngokukhethekile, ngokulotshiweyo isakhiwo-deoxyribonucleic acid, umfutho sokuthuthukiswa Cytology yesimanje, izakhi zofuzo, yesayensi yokushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngokombono walaba organic-chemistry DNA ne-RNA ziphezulu izidakamizwa yamangqamuzana ehlanganisa amayunithi okuphindayo - monomers, obizwa nangokuthi ama-nucleotide. Kuyaziwa ukuthi basuke oxhumene ukwakha wesifunda uyakwazi ngekwendzawo self-inhlangano.

Okunjalo macromolecules DNA zivame ezihlobene amaprotheni ethize kokuba izakhiwo ezithile futhi ngokuthi histones. izakhiwo Nucleoprotein yakha izakhiwo ezikhethekile - nucleosomes, okuyinto yena, bayingxenye-chromosome. acid nucleic kungenzeka kokubili nucleus nasesikhathini cytoplasm amaseli, yilabo abakhona lichaza ekwakheni ezinye organelles yayo, ezifana mitochondria noma chloroplast.

Isakhiwo kwezendawo ufuzo izidakamizwa

Ukuze uqonde umsebenzi of DNA ne-RNA, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe izici of isakhiwo sabo. Njenganoma amaprotheni, amino nucleic libhekene nenkinga yezinga eziningana inhlangano macromolecules. Isakhiwo eyinhloko umelwe polynucleotide ngamaketanga, nemayunivesithi ukucushwa samouslozhnyayutsya ezivukayo ngokusebenzisa covalent uhlobo loxhumano. A indima ekhethekile nokugcina ukuma kwendawo amangqamuzana fanele hydrogen izibopho, uVan der Waals amabutho kanye nokusebenzisana. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isakhiwo compact DNA, ngokuthi superspiral.

Monomers nucleic acid

Sakhiwo umsebenzi we-DNA, i-RNA, amaprotheni namanye polymers organic zincike kokubili ukubunjwa qualitative ambalwa of macromolecules yabo. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu of acid nucleic akhiwe timphawu tesakhiwo ngokuthi ama-nucleotide. Njengoba sazi enkambweni amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, isakhiwo ndaba ngempela ezithinta umsebenzi walo. DNA ne-RNA nabo bayajabula. It kuvela ukuthi ukubunjwa nucleotide incike kundlela we acid uqobo kanye nendzima yayo kuseli. monomer ngasinye siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: i-base-nitrogen, a-carbohydrate amasalela orthophosphoric acid. Kukhona izinhlobo ezine lezisekelo nitrogen we-DNA: i-adenine, i-guanine ne-thymine ne-cytosine. Ngo-RNA amangqamuzana, abayikho, ngokulandelana, i-adenine, i-guanine ne-cytosine futhi uracil. Carbohydrate emelelwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba pentose. I ribonucleic acid ribose futhi DNA - injalo deoxygenated, ngokuthi deoxyribose.

Izici deoxyribonucleic acid

Okokuqala sibheka lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti ze-DNA. RNA kokuba ukumisa elula kwendawo, zizohlolwa esigabeni esilandelayo. Ngakho, imicu emibili polynucleotide aphethwe phakathi ngokuphindaphindiwe okuvela hydrogen izibopho obakhiwa lezisekelo nitrogen. Ngo ezimbalwa "i-adenine --thymine," kukhona ezimbili, futhi pair of "guanine - cytosine" - hydrogen izibopho ezintathu.

umugqa okulondoloza purine futhi pyrimidine elisekela kwatholakala E. Chargaff futhi waziwa ngokuthi isimiso complementarity. I single uchungechunge nucleotide exhumene phosphodiester izibopho ukuthi akhiwa phakathi okuseleyo pentose ka orthophosphoric acid nucleotide eduze. Ifomu Kuvunguza kokubili ngamaketanga alondolozwa hydrogen izibopho ezenzeka phakathi hydrogen ne-oksijini athomu bayingxenye nucleotide. Ephakeme - isakhiwo ephakeme (supercoil) - sici for DNA enuzi amaseli eukaryotic. Kuleli fomu ke elikhona chromatin. Nokho, ama-bacterium DNA equkethe amagciwane abe-deoxyribonucleic acid ongakaphathelani amaprotheni. It imelelwa ifomu okwesongo futhi ibizwa ngokuthi plasmid.

It has okufanayo ifomu DNA mitochondria futhi chloroplast - organelles, isitshalo namaseli isilwane. Khona-ke siyathola, ukuthi yini umehluko phakathi umsebenzi of DNA ne-RNA. Ithebula elingezansi, sikhombise umehluko isakhiwo nezakhiwo acid nucleic.

ribonucleic acid

I-molecule RNA siqukethe olulodwa polynucleotide Strand (ngaphandle isakhiwo kabili balahleke amanye amagciwane) ukuthi kungaba kokubili-nucleus futhi kule cytoplasm esitokisini. Kunezinhlobo eziningana RNA ukuthi ziyahlukahluka phakathi isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo. Ngakho, isithunywa RNA inenani isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. It is kuhlelwe umqondo kule kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana kwelinye zofuzo. MRNA umsebenzi - ukuze uthumele ulwazi ukubunjwa amaprotheni kusuka nucleus kuya cytoplasm. Ezokuthutha ifomu nucleic acid inamathela monomers amaprotheni - amino acid - azikhulule kubo esizeni biosynthesis.

Ekugcineni, kwakhiwa i-RNA ribosomal is in the nucleolus futhi ehilelekile amaprotheni zamagama. Njengoba ubona, iDNA RNA imisebenzi umzimba yeselula zahlukahlukene futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. Bayoba ngokuyinhloko ixhomeke ekutheni amaseli eziphilayo okuyizinto izinto molecule ufuzo. Ngakho, igciwane ribonucleic acid kungenzeka othwala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanti amaseli eziphilayo eukaryotic leli khono has deoxyribonucleic acid kuphela.

Umsebenzi of DNA ne-RNA emzimbeni

Ngo inani layo nucleic acid, kuhlanganise namaprotheni ukuthi ayizakhi kubalulekile organic. Bona ukulondoloza futhi udlulise nezakhi zofuzo kanye izimfanelo kusukela umzali abantu inzalo. Ake ukuchaza umehluko phakathi nomunye imisebenzi of DNA ne-RNA. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa umehluko kabanzi.

Yiziphi izici amagciwane Ingqikithi ufuzo?

Virus nucleic acid kungathatha ifomu kokubili lemiklamo single- futhi kabili Strand noma ikhala. Ngokusho D.Baltimora ngezigaba, lezi izinto Microcosm aqukethe molecule e-DNA ehlanganisa izifunda elilodwa noma amabili. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa Amagciwane ka-herpes kanye adenoviruses, kanti eyesibili ifaka phakathi, isibonelo, parvovirus.

Imisebenzi ye-DNA kanye RNA amagciwane aqukethe e Ukungena Imininingwane siqu zofuzo kuseli, ukufanisana ukusabela molecule ethwele viral nucleic acid, futhi inhlangano yama-protein izinhlayiya ku ribosomes yeseli aphethe. Ngenxa yalokho, yonke cell umzimba is ngokuphelele subordinated kuya izinambuzane ande ngokushesha, okuholela yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo.

amagciwane RNA-equkethe

Ngo Virology wenza ukwehlukana la magciwane ngemacembu eziningana. Ngakho, le zilwane lokuqala abizwa ngokuthi (+) RNA owodwa balahleke. Bona nucleic acid yenza imisebenzi efanayo isithunywa RNA lamaseli eukaryotic. Kwenye iqembu kuhlanganisa owodwa balahleke (-) RNA. Okokuqala, ama-molecule awo umbhalo kwenzeka, esiholela ekuveleni zishintshe (+) RNA, futhi labo nazo eziba kuyisibonelo amaprotheni ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise ama-virus, iDNA RNA imisebenzi kafushane kwachazwa ngokuthi: isitoreji nezakhi zofuzo nezakhiwo i umzimba futhi ukudluliswa eminye wenzalo yabo.