Umcimbi wokuqala amandla zaseSoviet emkhakheni wezomnotho: umlando, incazelo nemiphumela

Esikhathini eside ngaphambili, lapho izinyathelo lokuqala amandla aseSoviet kwenziwe emnothweni, noHlelo theory zezombusazwe Useke wadlula izigaba eziningana ukuthuthukiswa. AmaBolshevik babe esivuna kakhulu ukubukwa kwesokunxele-wing, futhi imibono yabo baye isengakasetjentiswa kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, imizamo yabo ngokwesimo isilingo.

Imibono yamaKhomanisi kuqhathaniswa emnothweni ubudala

AmaBolshevik babe oshayelayo zombuso emva kwempi e Petrograd. Ukuthwebula we Sasebusika futhi yonke inhlokodolobha Russian ubephelezelwa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngokumelene abasekeli weRiphabhulikhi. Kuze kube sekupheleni kulwiwa, izinqumo ezisemqoka ethathwe party, uVladimir Lenin futhi Leon Trotsky. Akubeke indlunkulu yabo Smolny, lapho, futhi iqondise imisebenzi yabo.

Isenzakalo sokuqala samandla Soviet lwenziwe ngosuku olulandelayo ngemva Icebo lika. Ngokusho ikhalenda entsha, okuyinto yethulwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-mgwaqo wema Novemba 7, 1917, lapho kumenyezelwa ngasekuqaleni ukusungulwa kwamabhizinisi kanye imitfombolusito zemvelo.

Ngokwe Leninist futhi amafilosofi kaMarx, yonke impahla, kanjalo wadlulisela ezandleni abantu (noma kunalokho, isigaba sabasebenzi). Empeleni, kuba Yiqiniso, kwakungenjalo. Impahla laziwa obala. Umcimbi wokuqala uhulumeni wamaSoviet iye sisiqaphela isidingo wokunxusa bonke abantu nomnotho Petrograd nezindawo ilawulwe ukuqinisekisa ekunqobeni amaBolshevik empini yawo yokulwa betembusave.

izenzo zokucindezela futhi confiscatory eyathatha kulwiwa, babizwa ngokuthi "impi nobukhomanisi." Kwakungekhona kuphela imithetho ephathelene emnothweni, kodwa futhi izinqumo, senzelwe ibutho, njalo njalo. D.

Ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni lamabhange

Isisulu abazisa namakani ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni steel. Party kwaba okubalulekile ukuze uthole imali ngangokunokwenzeka, okungase esichithwa empini. State Bank itholakala Petersburg, elathunjwa ngobusuku lokuqala inguquko, lapho ihlukane lamasosha amatilosi bagqekeza isakhiwo kwezikhungo, zashaqa lwemali. Inyanga yokuqala enjalo isithombe ugly kungabonwa kuzo zonke izindawo-dolobha.

AmaBolshevik walungisiswa izenzo zabo ngemithetho yokutholwa sekwedlulile kanti kuyosebenza. Kuphela ngoDisemba, kwakukhona Isinqumo soMkhandlu ka Yabantu Commissars, owawuthi ngokusemthethweni waqeda amabhange ngobukhulu - izikhulu Land kanye nabalimi abancane Land. Bona Kwamiswa phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander III futhi wanikeza ayeyiboleke bomhlaba kanye zezakhamuzi. Ngalezi ukubolekisa, abalimi abaningi bakwazi ukwakha kabusha epulazini lakho siqu bese ukuhambisa eSiberia ngoba uhlelo Stolypin. Ezicukuthwaneni yasebhange kungaba azisekho ngesizathu esilula ukuthi izikhulu njengoba isigaba sezenhlalo uyekwa ngomunye isinqumo SNK. Ukubolekwa kwemali kubalimi futhi walahlekelwa ukuhlobana yabo empini.

cash ukuhoxiswa

Ngokushesha okukhulu, amabhange ayekile babe umthombo izimali ezongeziwe iqembu. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka wokuqala kokubusa kweSoviet ngemva kokubona izinkinga zomnotho walala ekuthathweni olubanzi imali kusuka kumphakathi wonkana. Kusukela akhawunti zabantu isuswe ezishisiwe ezinkulu, kanye ashaqa amakhasethi izinsimbi eziyigugu - zegolide nezesiliva. State Bank wakhipha imali engekho ngaphezu kuka-ruble 500.

Nokho, ngisho lokhu "ebucayini" labantu kwenzakala lutho. Ngenxa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nempikiswano eqhubekayo kwenza Civil e laseRussia laqala ayehle kakhulu amandla emali. Rouble devalued emehlweni, ngakho akukho ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezisele labantu kwakungasekho.

umkhakha Capture

Esinye isihloko esibalulekile kwaba ukusungulwa umkhakha wezwe. Lapha, isimo wawunzima nakakhulu. Inkinga yayiwukuthi ngesikhathi Tsarist ibhizinisi Russian e kwamakhosi wadala futhi ithuthukiswe ngezithukuthuku dolobha angaphandle. Kwaba mkhuba evamile ehambisana ne-ukuhlanganiswa komnotho yasekhaya ezimakethe zomhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, osomabhizinisi baseBrithani baye Bachitha izimali ezishisiwe bethenga ukuthuthukiswa IDonetsk amalahle elisemcengezini, lapho kwakukhona izitshalo esine inani elikhulu imisebenzi.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ayikwazanga abatshele ukuthi abakhiqizi zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwaba ngumkhuba jikelele. Februwari Revolution ekugcineni babungonakala uyamethemba ukuzinza abanikazi isimo. Yaqala lapho bebalekela dolobha, okungase ngisho ukuyeka izici imali eningi wemakethe Russian (isibonelo, amaholo aphansi).

ezimele dolobha buhlungu

Ezinyangeni zokuqala ezintathu wokubusa kwakhe, amaKhomanisi uhulumeni ezingaba yinkulungwane namakhulu. Abaningi babo abangu eziyizintandane futhi lishiywe linjalo. Isiphetho sphere zokukhiqiza ngamunye okuvunyelwane ngazo ngokwehlukana ngesinqumo somthetho. Ngo-May kwavela izinqumo ku ukusungulwa embonini kashukela, kwathi ngo-June, isinqumo esifanayo sathathwa ku zikawoyela. Ngu kokuwa emafekhthri nezitshalo, zitholwa amandla aseSoviet, wasondela uphawu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ngabanye asamukelanga isinxephezelo ngemuva ukuphucwa impahla yakhe. Lokhu kwashukumisela baye osomabhizinisi asikafiki ubuso nobuso omisiwe Ephakeme Economic Council, ukuze nje siphume siphele kuleli zwe. Lokhu uvalo kosozimali wahola izinyathelo lokuqala amandla Soviet. Umlando izinkampane eRussia iphelile, kusho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba isandla eyodwa umnotho.

Ukudla isabelo

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ophoqelelwe uhulumeni tsarist iphendukele ukwethulwa ayitholwa wokusanhlamvu insalela. Umcimbi wokuqala amandla Soviet kule ndawo uye wazakhela le nqubomgomo, ngokuletha lizwe ukulamba. Ukudla isabelo abalimi kudingeka zikudalulele ingxenye isimo isivuno. Ukuwohloka yesimo phambili kokugqashuka kwempi yombango encishisiwe izabelo wahlala bakule ndawo. Abantu bendabuko ezindaweni lapho elwa ebomvu nge white, baye bahlupheka nakakhulu. Kwakuba nezikhathi lapho izikhathi omunye umnotho eziningana laphangwa amaqembu ahlukene kunalawo ingxabano.

amazinga ezinzima kunazo for Ukukhishwa isinkwa nokusanhlamvu Were. Izinyathelo lokuqala uhulumeni wamaSoviet emnothweni kuye kwaholela yokuthi abalimi wahlala kuphela izindleko zokuphila. Vintage 1919 wahlupheka nakakhulu lapho athatha ama-amazambane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi wasusa inyama futhi wahlaba izinkomo. Ngo-1920, abantu bendawo zaphucwa cishe zonke izilimo. Iningi imikhiqizo ashaqa amakhasethi kwaba sebuthweni lezempi, kuyilapho ezinye athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi wathola kuye inzuzo futhi esichithwa izidingo ezempi.

Le nhlekelele kwezolimo

Nge sokuvuna ngamunye abalimi kwakubacasula namandla. Ukunganeliseki kuyachichima ukuvukela, okuyinto ngesihluku ukuyiveza iRed Army. Abangobhongoza futhi abahlanganyeli yombhikisho badutshulwe njengoba esiphikisayo Abavukeli. Okusemqoka kakhulu ongumlimi ukuhlubuka phakathi neMpi Nempi ubuKhomanisi Civil kwaba Tambov, noma Antonovskoe kuvukela (kangaka okuthiwa ngegama omunye wabaholi ukunyakaza). Ukuze abantu bakulo muzi bajoyine iRed Army ababehlubukele futhi amasosha demobilized. Ngesikhathi ukucindezelwa sokuhlubuka e 1920-1921 GG. zaziphonswa eside amabutho empi, kwaholela Mikhail Tukhachevsky. Ngo Tambov saqala esetshenziswa yasekhaya izikhali zamakhemikhali. Killed abalimi ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kwezomnotho kwamandla zaseSoviet emkhakheni wezolimo kwaholela indlala jikelele kuleli zwe. Inhlekelele esibi kunazo zenzeka esikhathini iVolga esifundeni, lapho 1921-1922. yindlala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40, ezingu-5 baye bafa.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kwezomnotho we uhulumeni wamaSoviet wathola ubunjalo nhlekelele yesizwe. Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba amaBolshevik wathatha kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu kakhulu kulwiwa. Repartition kwezolimo, ukusungulwa amabhange kanye umkhakha ezazingaphansi kwawo okuqinile iziqubulo ngemibono. Akukho kuphikiswa Sane kule nkambo wayengekho kuhulumeni, futhi labantu ukukhononda ukuthi esatshiswe ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Ikhomishini Olumangalisayo lithole imvume ukuba badutshulwe ngaphandle kokuba kuqulwe amacala ngoba namacala "counter".

Ukuphuca komhiaba yesonto

Ecindezela izinsiza yezwe, amaBolshevik yakhetha ekuthathweni konke wayengathengiswa. Ngenxa indlala sekuvele waqala umkhankaso azithathele impahla isonto. Kulesi ensimini kuya izinyathelo lokuqala amandla Soviet kuyinto kuphangwa hhayi kuphela kwandile, kodwa ukubhujiswa langempela lamathempeli. izinyathelo Economic ayehambisana ze impi ngemibono ngokumelene "bapristi."

impahla abathathiwe kwaba ukuya phezulu asize abantu belamba we iVolga esifundeni, nakuba kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukufa Mass yabantu basemakhaya endlaleni yayiwumsebenzi owumphumela wawo lezomnotho, yangaphambili ingxenye ubukhomanisi impi.

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isimo enhlekeleleni yezwe ngemva kulwiwa kwaholela Lenin ku ebucayini ngemibono. WayeyiZwi Initiator of inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-New Economic Policy. Izifundo wamukelwe ngokomthetho emcimbini X Congress ngo-1921.

Kulesisimo-ke, umqondo wegama elithi "izinyathelo lokuqala amandla namaSoviet" libhekisela kabusha yemali. Ngenxa ruble yakhe entsha baba lwemali Convertible. Futhi requisitioning sahoxiswa - kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo intela ngendlela efanayo. Ayevelele iqiniso lokuthi manje akuyona ashaqe u-70% wokudla, u-30%. Lezi zinyathelo wasiza ekulinganiseni isimo esiyinhlekelele kwezolimo.

Yayiyini izinyathelo lokuqala amandla Soviet ke? inhlokodolobha Foreign wakhangwa, kanye isikhathi esivunyelwe zomculo kwezomnotho emakethe (elithile ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ibhizinisi elincane). Nep alethwe kuleli zwe ngaphandle esibucayi. Ngo-1924 u-Lenin wabhala wafa, futhi kusungulwa "Yiqiniso entsha 'amandla Stalin sahoxiswa. Kube umnotho kuhlelwe futhi uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu, elaba isisekelo se-isimiso samaSoviet.