Amanyuvesi Medieval. Kwavulwa amayunivesithi wokuqala waseNtshonalanga Yurophu

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha ephakathi, kanye nezinye izinguquko ezenzeke umphakathi, ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana izinguquko imfundo. Uma ngesikhathi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ke yalungiswa ikakhulukazi emizini yamaLoma, bese kamuva saqala ukuvula, futhi izikole lapho afundela khona ezomthetho, ifilosofi, imithi, abafundi ukufunda imisebenzi Arab, abalobi abaningi ngesiGreki, nokunye. D.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Igama elithi "inyuvesi" ngesiLatini kusho "isiqalo nesigcino" noma "sobunye '. Mangisho ukuthi namuhla, njengoba ezinsukwini ubudala, akalilahlile okukushoyo. amanyuvesi Medieval futhi esikoleni umphakathi othisha kanye nabafundi. Ayehlelwe nenjongo eyodwa: ukunikeza futhi ukuthola imfundo. Medieval amanyuvesi bukhoma ezithile imithetho. Kuphela babekwazi bhunga degrees, enika abathweswe iziqu nelungelo lokufundisa. Ngakho kwaba yonke somKristu Europe. Sithole lungelo amayunivesithi ephakathi labo wazisekela - opapa, ababusi noma amakhosi, okungukuthi, labo ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka egunyeni eliphakeme. Kumila izikole ezinjalo kuthiwa kubangelwa mithi edume kunazo zonke. Kukholakala, isibonelo, ukuthi i-University of Oxford, eyasungulwa Alfred Elikhulu, futhi Paris - Karl Veliky.

Njengoba inyuvesi medieval kwahlelwa

Ngezinye ikhanda kwaba ngokuvamile Rector. isikhundla sakhe kwaba kobuholi. Njengase nesikhathi sethu, amanyuvesi medieval zahlukaniswa neminyango. Eliholwa inhloko yesikole ngamunye wabo. Ngemva ukulalela othile inani izifundo abafundi babe BA nesokudla amakhosi futhi wathola esihle sokufundisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo, kodwa omunye kubhekwa amandla "ephakeme" kule imithi ensimini, umthetho noma nemfundiso yenkolo.

Indlela iye yahlela inyuvesi ephakathi, cishe nsé imodi yesimanje lemfundo. Kwakumelwe ivulelwe noma ubani. Nakuba abafundi nezingane wabusa kusukela imikhaya ocebile, kodwa kwakukhona abantu abaningi kusukela labo abahluphekayo. Nokho, kusukela ngomzuzu yokwemukela amanyuvesi ephakathi, futhi ukuthola ngezinga eliphakeme udokotela avalelwa khona iminyaka eminingi, futhi ngenxa yokuthi bambalwa zidlulile ngale ndlela kuze kube sekupheleni, kodwa izinga iziqu enikeziwe lucky nodumo, futhi kungenzeka umsebenzi okusheshayo.

abafundi

Abantu abaningi abasha befuna kuloku kakhulu ukuhambisa kusukela komunye umuzi komunye, ngisho ezifudukayo emazweni angomakhelwane aseYurophu. Kufanele ukuthi zokungazi izilimi abazange bayeke. amanyuvesi medieval European babeqeqeshwa Latin, ayebhekwa ulimi isayensi esontweni. Abafundi abaningi ngokuvamile zaphila ongamazi, futhi ngenxa yalokho wathola isidlaliso "Vagant" - ". ezulazulayo" Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-izimbongi kakhulu, omisebenzi yakhe kuze kube manje kubangele ababephila isithakazelo esikhulu.

Impilo yansuku zonke abafundi elilula: e izinkulumo ekuseni, futhi kusihlwa - ukuphindaphinda lokho kwaziswa. Kanye inkumbulo non-oluyingozi emayunivesithi Ephakathi ukuzivocavoca eziningi abayinakanga ikhono phikisana. Lokhu kuyikhono kwakwenziwa ngesikhathi mpikiswano nsuku zonke.

Student ukuphila

Nokho, akubona kuphela kusukela ukuqeqeshwa wathatha isimo ekuphileni kwalabo kwadingeka inhlanhla ukuya emayunivesithi ephakathi. Kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba emcimbini futhi emadilini ezinomsindo. Ngalezo zinsuku abafundi kakhulu othanda izikhungo zabo zokufundisa, lapha bachitha iminyaka yobusha zokuphila kwakhe, ngolwazi kanye nokuvikelwa ekutholeni kusuka bangaphandle. Babiza "Alma Mater" yabo.

Abafundi ngokuvamile bahlangana ngamaqembu amancane bezizwe noma amaqembu ziyezwana, ndawonye abafundi kusuka eziningana ezifundazweni ezahlukene. Ndawonye, bakwazi ukuqasha ifulethi, ngisho nakuba abantu abaningi abaye baphila amakolishi - amakolishi. Lesi sakamuva futhi avame ukuba eyakheke ngokusho ukuthi ubuzwe: ngalinye Kwenzekani kulabo abamele elilodwa kazwelonke amaqembu.

isayensi University e-Europe

Scholastica waqala lasungulwa ekhulwini leshumi nanye. Sici Its ezibaluleke kakhulu sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi inkolelo enamandla angenamkhawulo amandla okucabanga lapho ulwazi emhlabeni. Nokho, ukudlula kwesikhathi Ephakathi kwaba eyunivesithi isayensi umbhedesho, izihlinzeko zazo kubhekwe sokugcina futhi bayona. Emakhulwini eminyaka 14-15. scholasticism, okuyinto indlela yokucabanga eyodwa kuphela waphika ngokuphelele yimuphi ukuhlolwa, waqala ibe ukubopha sobala on ukuthuthukisa umcabango yemvelo yesayensi esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Cishe ngokuphelele ukwakheka inyuvesi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela ke ezandleni izindela of Franciscan kanye Dominican oda. Isimiso semfundo bangaleso sikhathi abazange nethonya elinamandla ukuvela kumiswa impucuko yaseNtshonalanga.

emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva kuphela amanyuvesi medieval baseNtshonalanga Yurophu baqala ukusakaza ukukhula ukwazi komphakathi, intuthuko yokucabanga lwezesayensi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

semthethweni

Ukuze uthole isimo imfundo, isikhungo kumelwe ukuba aba kapapa kweqiwa ekuvumeleni indalo yayo. Kulesi isimemezelo upapa esephetha isikhungo lokulawula iziphathimandla zezwe kumbe engawebandla zendawo, legitimizing khona enyuvesi. izikhungo zemfundo komthetho nayo kuqinisekiswa amalungelo etholwe. Lawa kwakungamadodana imibhalo ekhethekile ngemvume noma obaba, noma mithi. Ilungelo kwaba ukuzimela okuphephile zezikhungo zemfundo - ukuphathwa ifomu, imvume ukuba inkantolo zabo, futhi ilungelo lokuba akunike degrees zezemfundo kanye ukukhululwa abafundi enkonzweni yezempi. Ngakho, i-medieval amanyuvesi abe ngokuphelele ezimele. Osolwazi abafundi kanye nabasebenzi izikhungo zemfundo, ngendlela izwi, konke ayisaxhunyanisiwe walalela neziphathimandla zedolobha, kodwa kuphela ezikhethwe li futhi lama-. Futhi uma abafundi avunyelwe namanye amacala, ukuphathwa le ndawo kungenzeka kuphela uyicele asilahle ngihambele icala.

abathweswe iziqu

amanyuvesi Medieval banikwa ithuba lokuthola imfundo enhle. Ayefundiswa izibalo eziningi owaziwa. Iziqu kwalezi zikhungo zemfundo babe Per Abelyar futhi Duns Skott, Petr Lombardsky futhi Vilyam Okkam, foma Akvinsky nabanye abaningi.

Njengomthetho, owaphothula leso sikhungo ayelindele i-career omkhulu. Ngempela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikole ephakathi amanyuvesi benza izenzo ezibonisa nabo ebandleni, futhi ngakolunye, kanye ukunwetshwa nabaqashwa amadolobha ahlukahlukene, futhi funa kwandisa kwabantu abafundile abanekhono. Abafundi abaningi wangaphambili wasebenza notaries, bashushisi, onobhala, amajaji noma abameli.

iziqephu kwesakhiwo

Ngo Ephakathi kwakungekho ukuhlukana imfundo secondary futhi ephakeme, ngakho medieval isakhiwo inyuvesi ayehlanganisa kokubili ubuhlakani abaphezulu junior. Ngemva ngokujulile ukuqeqeshwa ngonyaka 15-16 abantu ubudala ezisencane Latin esikoleni samabanga aphansi, bayiswa ezingeni wokulungiselela. Lapha ifundelwe i "eziyisikhombisa ovulekile ubuciko" e ezimbili imijikelezo. Lawa kwakungamadodana "trivium" (uhlelo lolimi, mpendulo futhi dialectic) kanye "Quadrium" (izibalo, umculo, nesayensi-geometry). Kodwa kuphela ngemva kokutadisha nefilosofi Yiqiniso umfundi zaziphinde zibe nelungelo ukungena ubuhlakani senior okukhethekile zomthetho, wezokwelapha noma ezenkolo.

yokufunda isimiso

Namuhla, isiko amanyuvesi medieval asetshenziswa amanyuvesi yesimanje. Eyayisekhona ukuqeqeshwa izinhlelo iyawakha yonyaka, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku lahlukaniswa yini ku izinyanga ezimbili, futhi ibe izingxenye ezimbili ukungalingani. Big isikhathi abavamile okwaqala ngo-October kuze Easter, futhi ezincane - ukuze ekupheleni kukaJuni. Lesi sigaba lwalowo nyaka wezifundo ku izinyanga uvele kuphela ekupheleni Ephakathi kwezinye amanyuvesi German.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko yokufundisa. Lectio, noma izinkulumo, bakha esichasiselweni ephelele futhi ehlelekile phakathi kwamahora athile nobe esifundvweni lesitsite academic on a pre-ebekwe isimiso noma isimiso inyuvesi. Basuke ihlukaniswe izifundo ezejwayelekile, noma amandla futhi ulwazi ngobubona, noma ngaphezulu. Ngokufanayo oluthathwa nothisha.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo ayimpoqo kuvame iqondiswa ekuseni - kusukela ekuseni kuze eziyisishiyagalolunye ekuseni. Manje kwase kuyindodana esikahle futhi yakhelwe abafundi amabutho fresh. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izinkulumo ayengabafundi beZwi okungavamile ntambama. Baqala ngaleso eziyisithupha yaphela ngeleshumi nqo. Isifundo yathatha ihora elilodwa noma amabili.

Isiko amayunivesithi medieval

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-medieval othisha inyuvesi kwakuwukuthi, ngononina ezahlukeneyo letehlukene temibhalo, inkambo ukunikeza izincazelo ezidingekayo. Izimiso abafundi ayenqatshelwe zidinga ukuphinda impahla, noma ngisho ukufunda kancane. Labo okwakulindeleke ukuba beze ezifundweni izincwadi eziningi ngaleso sikhathi babeqinile kakhulu eqolo, ngakho besikole wasebathatha ukuze iqashwe.

Kakade ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, amanyuvesi waqala buthelela yesandla yokukopisha kubo ukudala siqu imibhalo yabo isampula. Izethameli akuzona isikhathi eside ngokwanele lapho. Le nyuvesi lokuqala medieval lapho osolwazi laqala ukuhlela emagcekeni esikole - Bologna - kusukela eqala ukudala ekhulwini weshumi nane nezakhiwo zomphakathi ukuze ihlanganise amakamelo ukukufundisa.

Futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, abafundi zahlelwa endaweni eyodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, eParis, kwaba Foir avenue, emgwaqweni noma utshani, ngokuthi leli gama ngoba izilaleli yahlala phansi ku wotshani yakhe kathisha izinyawo. Kamuva yaqala ukubonakala ukufana amaqembu - etafuleni eside ngemuva okuyinto engalingana abantu amabili. UMnyango uphinde laqala ukuhlela ku ipulpiti.

Ukunikelwa amandla

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu abafundi medieval inyuvesi igcinwe ukuhlolwa, okuyinto wathatha amakhosi ambalwa ezizweni zonke. Abagadiwe Luhlolo dean. Umfundi kwakumelwe azibonakalise ukuthi ngifundile zonke izincwadi Kunconywa futhi iphathwe ukubamba iqhaza zomThetho kwenzinye izingxabano ivolumu. Commission kanye abaphothule nesithakazelo ukuziphatha. Ngemva ngokudlula ngempumelelo lezi zinyathelo umfundi ungeniswe mpikiswano zomphakathi, bekumele aphendule yonke imibuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, kunikezelwe iziqu zokuqala ze-bachelor. kweminyaka emibili zezemfundo ayenakho ukusiza Master ukuthola nelungelo lokufundisa. Kakade nengxenye ngemva konyaka, futhi, ukuthi eyabiwe iziqu zeMasters. Iziqu kufanele abe ukunikeza inkulumo, khuluma ngesifungo futhi idili.

kumnandzi

Umlando iyunivesithi endala kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini weshumi nambili. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwakuvela izikhungo ezifana Bologna e-Italy futhi Paris eFrance. Ekhulwini nantathu kukhona Oxford no-Cambridge eNgilandi, Montpellier, Toulouse, futhi nane XIV ekhulwini amayunivesithi bavela okokuqala Czech Republic futhi eJalimane, e-Austria futhi Poland. Ngezinye isikhungo ngasinye sasinothisha namasiko alo namalungelo. Lwathi luphela ngekhulu nanhlanu e-Europe, kwakukhona cishe amanyuvesi engamakhulu, okuyinto zehlukanisiwe ezintathu izinhlobo, kuye okwakuphume wathola iholo uthisha. Esokuqala kwakunguJohn e Bologna. Lapha kubafundi belandisa aqashiwe ikhokhwe othisha. Uhlobo lwesibili kwaba University of Paris, lapho othisha uxhaso esontweni. Oxford Cambridge futhi osekelwa umqhele, futhi isimo. Mangisho ukuthi leli qiniso eyabasiza ukuba basinde kule kokuphela zezindela e 1538 kanye nokususwa okwalandela kwalezi zikhungo eziyisisekelo English lamaKatolika.

Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu izakhiwo anezici yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Bologna, isibonelo, abafundi zilawula cishe yonke into, futhi leli qiniso ngokuvamile zilethwe ngokuphazamiseka okukhulu kothisha. In Paris, kwaba abasebenzela. Kungenxa yokuthi othisha ukukhokha yesonto isihloko eziyinhloko eyunivesithi. Kodwa e Bologna abafundi ukukhetha ezingaphezu kuka ucwaningo oluphathelene nezimo zokuphila. Lapha, isihloko esiyinhloko kwaba umthetho.