UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva: Biography nesithombe

UZinaida Ermoleva kwaba ummeleli esivelele kwezokwelapha eSoviet. It usuqalise eziningi ucwaningo cutting edge, okuye kwenza a microbiology yesimanje yasekhaya.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Wazalwa UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva e 1898 Frolovo - omunye imizana eziningi endaweni Don Cossacks. Ngiqeda isikole ngo-Novocherkassk. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuba akhethe ubuthishela, wanquma ukuthi ubizo lakhe - imithi. Ermoleva langena University of Don e Rostov-on-Don. Kakade ebusheni bakhe umfundi yabonisa izici ezivelele bobuntu bakhe. It ifakwe ukuzimisela, ukusebenza kanzima, ukomela ulwazi futhi intando eqinile. Esikhathini eside kamuva, ngemva kokuba isazi sesayensi esidumile, UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva ukhumbula indlela walithanda inyuvesi sneak ngasese ku lab ngaphambi esivulela ihora noma amabili ukuba silungise ne flasks.

Ugqozi eyinhloko abafundi ngokushesha baba microbiology. Kwaba wakhe UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva uye wanikela konke ukuphila kwakhe omdala. Ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi, waqhubeka eyunivesithi njengoba umsizi woMnyango Microbiology. Ikakhulukazi eziningi ochwepheshe sinake cwaningo kwamagciwane. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ku-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka, kwakukhona isiyalo entsha olujulile anikezelwe nayo lezi zilwane. Njengoba eSoviet Union Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna wathatha lokhu niche professional ngomunye wabokuqala, igama layo ubulokhu uhlotshaniswa nalokho okutholakale muva futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko.

ucwaningo ikholera

Ngo-1922 Rostov-on-Don kwakukhona kwaqubuka ikholera. Ngenxa yokuntuleka ukulungela iziphathimandla kanye labantu maduze sebenzi it jikisa nga bhubhane. Ukuze Ermoleva sekuyisikhathi ukufunda lesi sifo hhayi ukuhlolwa amashubhu nasemigwaqweni omuzi wabo. Isayensi sikhathi, babazi mayelana ikholera alikho ngempela. Wayelethwa lwegciwane eyaziwa - ikholera Vibrio. Nokho, zikhona nezinye amagciwane, njengaye, kodwa ungalokothi uphenyo ososayensi kuze kube sekupheleni.

Kungenxa lezi zilwane ezincane Sekuyisikhathi eside wasebenza UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. Ukuzama ukuqonda umthelela prototypes emzimbeni womuntu, waya engozini enkulu. Ermoleva yena itheleleke yena ukuchitha esibalulekile isayensi isipiliyoni. Ukuhlolwa waba yimpumelelo. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi amagciwane ezihlobene vibrio kubantu, liguquke futhi babe okuyisimo esisongela ukuphila.

Ukuhambisa eMoscow

Injongo eyinhloko ukucwaninga Ermoleva nawozakwabo kwaba nemijovo angabavikela abantu kusukela ezibulalayo. Igciwane kubangele ikholera, bahlolelwa ukumelana izinto eziningi. Ngemva ukuhlolwa eside isikhathi Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna wafakazela ukuthi sesondlo zokuvimbela sabantu yanele ukuba chlorinate amanzi. Imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe ucwaningo kwakheka isisekelo imithetho emisha sanitary ukuthi maduze abe kuphoqelekile kulo lonke leli zwe.

Phakathi nawo-20s, ngesikhathi esabizwa, sezinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo kuhanjiswe ku Moscow, lapho ephethwe omunye eminyangweni kwamakhemikhali Institute of the People sika Commissariat Wezempilo we RSFSR. Ermoleva nethimba lakhe bazama ukulungisa ekutadisheni amagciwane, kuhlanganise nalezo kakhulu V cholerae. Umcwaningi uye wathola zenyathi entsha yale umzimba. Lwegciwane zihlukaniswa kusukela congeners ezingase ziyavutha ebumnyameni phezulu. Lapho abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi ngamazwe bajwayelane imiphumela Ermoleva, kwanqunywa ukuba leli zinhlobo igama layo.

ukuqashelwa International

Ngo-1925 kwakunamabandla yaqale profiled laboratory Soviet isifundo oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo amagciwane abe nenkani. Umsunguli futhi ugqozi yaleli isikhungo esiyingqayizivele baba UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. umcwaningi Isithombe Njalo sibhekana emaphephabhukwini esayensi angaphandle. Emazweni amaningana, eshicilelwe Isihloko sakhe (e-microbiology, Epidemiology, nokunye. D.).

Khona-ke Ermoleva ukuqala okuningi ukubhekana ubuthi. ESoviet Union, lesi simanga kwaba ibalula ifundelwe. Ukuze exchange of nakho eliyigugu waqala ukuya ohambweni phesheya, kuhlanganise IFrance neJalimane. Kule ndaba, kuba zonke ngesikhathi sami sokuphumula (zazo ayembalwa kakhulu) ekhokhelwe izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1928 Ermoleva wavakashela microbiological Institute yaqanjwa Lui Pastera Paris. Wazibonakalisa ikakhulukazi babambisane nombusi UZinaida Vissarionovna nabalingani bayo German.

Ngo-Asia Ephakathi

Ngu ekupheleni 30s sekube eziningana Ochwepheshe ezinkulu Soviet ekulweni nesifo sohudo. I protagonist baleli qembu Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna. Biography wesifazane ngenxa wawugcwele ezihlukahlukene zesithunywa yingozi.

Ngo-1939, lo mqedazwe sohudo Afghanistan. iziphathimandla zaseSoviet waqala ukuhlela izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukutheleleka awuzange kufakwe Asia Ephakathi Socialist Republics. E Tashkent iqembu ukusebenza wathunyelwa, eliholwa Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna. Izingane kanye nabantu abadala, izakhamuzi nemizi emikhulu nemihle emizaneni kude - bonke babengaphansi kwefu usongo ukutheleleka. Basiza izidakamizwa athuthukile Ermoleva. Futhi e-Uzbekistan, noma isimiso esisha ekuhlolwa khona igciwane emzimbeni ongazicabanga ziye zazanywa.

Ukusebenza e-Institute of Tashkent, UZinaida Vissarionovna, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wathola umuthi omusha, okuyinto kuhlangene wokugoma izinhlobo eziningana izifo. Umuthi iyehluleka ne ikholera, idiphtheria kanye typhoid.

lysozyme

Esikhathini 30s eSoviet Union eyenziwa ekutadisheni lysozyme, eyayiholwa Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna. Iqhaza microbiology yowesifazane kulekelelwa ukuthola elinye umuthi obalulekile. Kwakuwusuku lysozyme enzyme, elaqala obusetshenziswa embonini ukudla njengoba uyakulondoloza futhi imithi njengenhlangano isinqandakuvunda.

Ngale ndlela Ermoleva yesayensi sebeqedile ngomsebenzi amandulela. Emuva ngo-1909, UPawulu waqala Laşcencov izidakamizwa lysozyme. Usosayensi Wamthola Iqanda inkukhu, futhi sathola ukuthi kwakulungile ingamisa ukusakazeka kwamagciwane. Kamuva, i-lysozyme ezitholakala ezintweni womuntu nezindlala. Nokho, ukuthi le miphumela Angitholanga ngokoqobo.

Izinto ezintsha abazitholayo

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zazama ukucacisa uhlobo ukuvikela umzimba kusuka amagciwane. Ucwaningo lysozyme ungase ekususeni umgubuzelo ekusithekeni phezu lesisimanga begazi. efundwayo kanye ezigcemeni zabo wathatha UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. Merit samagciwane baba baningi, kodwa hhayi uhlezi phezu azithele ngabandayo yayo, kodwa baqhubeka kakhulu futhi emsebenzini ukuze kuzuze zonke isayensi.

Ermoleva ubuqambi fanele ukugqamisa ubuchwepheshe lysozyme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba ngowokuqala nezikwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo ukuze isetshenziswe ngempumelelo mkhuba imithi. Nquma ubunjalo amakhemikhali izidakamizwa, umcwaningi wakwazi ukuthola i-lysozyme e ngezilimo ezihlukahlukene - horseradish, isithombo, njll Lokhu ukutholakala ukuchaza ukusebenza amakhambi ahlukahlukene abantu izifo nezinkinga zempilo ...

UProfesa futhi Ph.D.

Lysozyme wayeyizwa Ermoleva ucwaningo konke ukuphila kwakhe, uthome-yalolucwaningo 30. Ngo-1970, lab wakhe wakwazi synthesize yalolu ketshezi ngefomu crystalline. Ngemva kwalokho, i-lysozyme yaqale esetshenziswa zamehlo, ukuhlinzwa, Pediatrics nakweminye imikhakha.

Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza of lysozyme atholakala ukudla izimboni zezolimo. It yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo uyakulondoloza okunye ukudla okubolayo, ezifana amaqanda. Umbuso kulinganiselwa umsebenzi okhokhelwayo enjalo nemphumela lomuhle kakhulu kuphela Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna. Imiklomelo wathola samagciwane (Stalin Prize, Order of Lenin kanye Order of Red Banner Wezabasebenzi) babe ibonisa ukubaluleka umsebenzi walo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi ngo-1935 waba udokotela wesayensi, kwathi ngo-1939 uprofesa.

Siza kwaseStalingrad

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II izwe ochwepheshe ezidingekayo ikakhulukazi ezifana UZinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. microbiology "Abazali" amaSoviet nasemakamu lwezifo bathunyelwa kwaseStalingrad ukuze kunqotshwe ngayo emzini ovinjezelwe iqala negagasi nekholera. ukusebenza Complicated ekudluliseni ososayensi ngesikhathi yayibambene kwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi indlela ezungezayo kwakungenakwenzeka ukunikeza ezidingekayo ithuluzi zokunqanda izakhamuzi zendawo. Ithemba kuphela kwaseStalingrad kwaba ukusungula umkhiqizo nomuthi emzini.

Naphezu kwakho konke izingozi ezihambisana lokulwa emgwaqweni, ukuqhumisa amabhomu nezinye nokwesaba okwakudalwa yimpi, UZinaida Ermoleva nethimba lakhe ihlelwe umgomo mass sabantu. Lapho ukukhiqizwa usumisiwe, ithuluzi siyazise waqala ukuthatha abantu abayinkulungwane 50 ngosuku. Ngenxa umsebenzi zokusebenza microbiologists futhi odokotela lakwazi ukugwema ubhubhane mass bahlushwe idolobha Wehrmacht.

Ukucinga-antibiotic

Ngenkathi kwaseStalingrad nokubuka amasosha alimele iRed Army, UZinaida Ermoleva yabhekisela yokuthi iningi oshonile akafelanga ngenxa amanxeba ngokwabo, kodwa ngenxa yegazi ukutheleleka kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene. Khona-ke kwaqala cwaninga laboratory esizinikezele ekuxazululeni le nkinga.

Ermoleva ocwaningweni lwakhe is wacasulwa ukutholakala Aleksandra Fleminga. Ngo-1929, wathola ngomuthi omusha ngokuphelele ketshezi - penicillin akuzange kusize. Lokhu-antibiotic, ngokwemvelo yabo ezihlobene isikhunta, waba ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kweqiniso e kwemithi. Fleming wayengakwazi ukwenza kwaziwe lokho ayekutholile yakhe kunonophiswe kubuye etholakalayo, kusukela uhlobo sasiba sibi kakhulu. Manje lo msebenzi osethe Ermoleva UZinaida Vissarionovna. Penicillin zingaba isisekelo lokuphulukiswa jikelele ezifweni ezibangelwa ama-streptococci futhi staphylococci.

Ukuvela penicillin Soviet

Amasampula kuqala nge-penicillin akuzange yasekhaya uvele 1942. Into ebaluleke kwaba ukuthi izinto kuphela Soviet eluhlaza esetshenziswa synthesize ke. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa eSoviet Union wafika Govard Flori. Lokhu usosayensi esithile waba uprofesa e-Oxford University, ngubani wakwazi ukufeza impumelelo efanayo e-US.

Ngokuvamile umuntu waseBrithani alethwe eMoscow amasampula ezakhe ukuqhathanisa izidakamizwa. Uhlaziyo wabonisa ukuthi i-penicillin Ermoleva eziqhutshwa kakhulu ngokuphumelela kakhudlwana. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngo-1945, iKomiti kaNobel yaklonyeliswa Prize ngo-Physiology noma Medicine kwaba Howard chlorine.

phambili,

Nakuba ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe wayeseGibithe esigabeni sokugcina, izinkulungwane amasosha aseSoviet Kusadingeka kosizo oluphuthumayo. Ngasekupheleni kuka-1944, kanye enkulu Ermoleva udokotela ohlinzayo UNikolai Burdenko waya phambi ukubamba uhlolo lwezidakamizwa ezimweni ukulwa. penicillin akuzange kusize Soviet sasinda vivinyo olubucayi - isidakamizwa kwasiza ngempela abalimele iRed Army. Ngemva kwalokho ukukhiqizwa yezimboni zomuthi.

Zonke izinyanga eziyisithupha ku ngaphambili Uprofesa Ermoleva ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. lab yena ugcinwe egumbini elingaphansi, futhi yonke imishini yabuthelwa ngokuxhamazela. Naphezu ezizungeze ezingajwayelekile, sezinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo abavelele abhekana ngayo umsebenzi walo.

ngemva kwempi,

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi UZinaida Ermoleva waqala ukumela iSoviet Union ngo-World Health Organization. Kukhethwa wawela phezu kwayo ngephutha nje. Wayazi zonke izilimi, futhi nenombolo amasevisi zakhe umuthi yasekhaya wayevelele. Ngo-1956, i-WHO Uchwepheshe wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe kwaholela Committee on antibiotic. Kulesi sikhundla, UZinaida Ermoleva wahlala kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Eminyakeni 50-60, uye esebuyela emsebenzini walo lesibonwa, waphazanyiswa impi. Nje isikhathi eside umsebenzi Ermoleva uye kwentiwe amaphepha isayensi kuka-500. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaziwa kulo lonke sibonga izwe ukuba Veniamin Kaverin. umbhali Soviet esetshenziswa biography UZinaida Vissarionovna njengoba prototype yomlando we protagonist inoveli yakhe yokuphila "incwadi evulekile." It yanyatheliswa ngokwengxenye emaphephabhukwini wokubhala 1948-1956 GG.

Kaverin Ermoleva wayazi mathupha kusukela 1928. Baletha umzalwane wombhali - Leon Zilber, owayeyilungu umcwaningi emkhakheni Virology futhi Oncology. Usosayensi isikhathi eside uHeinrich Ermoleva. Phakathi repressions kukaStalin Zilber Kwakuthi lapho sezingenile ekamu. Kwenye indawo okwakuvinjwe imihlangano nge UZinaida Vissarionovna wanika wakhe wesandla imfihlo yomsebenzi wakhe kososayensi, abacwaningi bangenela gulag. Lesi siqephu, njengabanye abaningi, naye ubonisa isibindi omkhulu futhi bazinikezela ubizo Ermoleva. UZinaida Vissarionovna waqhubeka esebenza futhi ukufunda kuze ekupheleni kwaso. Washona ngo-December 2, 1974, ushiya inzalo ifa yesayensi grand.