Ubani obusa eSoviet Union ngemva umlando kukaStalin

Nge kokufa kukaStalin - the "uyise izizwe" futhi "umakhi wobukhomanisi" - ngo-1953, emzabalazweni, njengoba yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi ubuntu, zokuhlola ezasungulwa kuye, wagabadela oshayelayo wase-USSR kuyoba umholi efanayo autocratic ubani ozothatha izintambo ebhodini isimo .

Umehluko kwaba kuphela iqiniso lokuthi contender esiyinhloko amandla njengenye wakhuthaza ukuqedwa sehlelo uqobo kanye ukuxegiswa Yiqiniso zezombusazwe kuleli zwe.

Owabusa ngemva Stalin?

umzabalazo ozimisele Kwagqashuka phakathi contender ezintathu eziyinhloko, ekuqaleni kwakuba triumvirate - Georgi Malenkov (Usihlalo we-USSR Council of Ministers), Lavrentiem Beriey (uNgqongqoshe Ministry Joint Wezangaphakathi) kanye Nikitoy Hruschevym (uNobhala CPSU). Ngamunye kubo babefuna ukuthatha indawo inhloko yezwe, kodwa ukunqoba kungenzeka uthole kuphela isicelo, ogama candidacy ezizosekela party enamalungu wajabulela negunya elikhulu futhi ube ukuxhumana efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke anesifiso esifanayo sisimame, ukuqedela inkathi yokucindezelwa futhi ukuthola inkululeko eyengeziwe kwezinye izenzo zabo. Yingakho umbuzo ebusa ngemva nje kokufa kukaStalin, akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe nempendulo ocacile - kwaba nje abantu abathathu onilwelayo amandla.

I triumvirate kwamandla: ekuqaleni uqhekeko

Wadala ngaphansi Stalin triumvirate kwamandla ngenzuzo. Eziningi zazo bagxila ezandleni Malenkov futhi Beria. Khrushchev waphucwa isikhundla ayenikezwa indima yokuba uNobhala we CPSU Central Committee, akunandaba ngakho emehlweni abaphikisi bakhe. Kodwa phansi ambitious futhi eyingqabavu ilungu party, uqokomisa ukucabanga kokuvamile umuzwa.

Ukuze kulabo ababebusa izwe emva Stalin, kwakubalulekile ukuba aqonde ukuthi ubani kwasekuqaleni ukuqeda kusukela mncintiswano. Waba ilitshe lokuqala Lavrenty Beria. Khrushchev kanye Malenkov babazi ukuthi Idokodo elikhishwe ku ngamunye wabo kwaba uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, ophethe ohlelweni lonke zemizimba zokucindezela. Kule ndaba, ngo-July 1953, Beria waboshwa, bemmangalela ukuhlola kanye namanye amacala, ngaleyo ndlela lisuse Umphikisi okunjalo okuyingozi.

Malenkov nezindlela zakhe

ukuthembeka Khrushchev sika ngokuba umhleli Uzungu ikhuphuke kakhulu, kanye nethonya layo ngakolunye amalungu enhlangano kwaqina. Nokho, ngenkathi usihlalo we Council of Ministers kwaba Malenkov, izinqumo ezisemqoka futhi izinkomba kwezombusazwe kwakuxhomeke ke. Emhlanganweni wokuqala we KaHulumeni inkambo wayiswa uyeke Stalinization nokumiswa ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela yezwe: kwakuhlelwe yokuqeda ukukhulekela ubuntu, kodwa ukukwenza ngendlela ezifana hhayi luthunaze "uyise impumelelo izizwe '. The main umsebenzi isethi Malenkov, kwaba ukuthuthukisa umnotho, ikhumbula izithakazelo sabantu. Wanikela ngempela uhlelo olunzulu yokushintsha, okuyinto engakaze nabazali bokutholwa lapho umhlangano KaHulumeni ye CPSU CC. Khona-ke Malenkov ukubeka phambili isiphakamiso efanayo esimisweni Ephakeme Council, lapho sivunyiwe. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva kokubusa autocrat kukaStalin kwenziwa isinqumo hhayi iqembu, futhi yigunya olusemthethweni. CPSU Central Committee kanye Politburo kwadingeka bavumelane ukuthi.

Umlando okwalandela ebonisa ukuthi phakathi kulabo ababebusa ngemva Stalin, Malenkov kuyoba kakhulu "ngempumelelo" ngezinqumo zabo. It yokutholwa amaphasela izinyathelo zokunqanda ubushiqela esimweni neqembu apharathasi, sokuthuthukisa ukudla umkhakha ukukhanya, ukunweba ukuzimela amapulazi collective iye yathela izithelo: eminyakeni 1954-1956 okokuqala ngemva kwempi wabonisa ukwanda yabantu basemakhaya kanye nokukhula kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, okwathi ngokuhamba kweminyaka ukwehla futhi yokujama tsi isibe inzuzo. Umthelela lezi zinyathelo sasisekelwa kuze 1958. Kuyinto lokhu esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu ezayo ubhekwa ukuyedlula futhi ephumelelayo kokufa kukaStalin.

Ababusa ngemva Stalin, kwaba sobala ukuthi impumelelo enjalo ngeke asebenze umkhakha ekukhanyeni, njengalokhu Malenkov iziphakamiso zokuthuthukiswa yayo kuphambene imisebenzi ukuhlela esilandelayo uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu, is ukugxila ukukhuthazwa umkhakha esindayo.

Georgy Malenkov wazama asondele izinkinga kusuka iphuzu okunengqondo buka, ekusebenziseni yezakhi kwezomnotho kunokuba indlela yami yokucabanga. Nokho, leli lungiselelo akazange ivumelane ngesilwane esifuywayo party (eliholwa Khrushchev), Wacishe indima esivelele esenzeka ekuphileni isimo. Kwakuyisikhathi qinile zakuzakwana ngokumelene Malenkov, okuyinto ucindezelwa umuntu Februwari 1955 bafaka incwadi yokusula. Yena salandelwa umhlobo Khrushchev UNikolai Bulganin. Malenkov waba omunye yiphini lakhe, kodwa ngemva kokufa 1957 anti-Party iqembu (zazo kwaba ilungu), kanye nabalandeli bakhe waxoshwa KaHulumeni ye CPSU CC. Khrushchev bakusebenzisa lokhu isimo futhi ngo-1958 wathatha Malenkov futhi ukuba ngibe usihlalo Council of Ministers, ukuba athathe indawo yakhe futhi babe leyo mithetho ngemva Stalin e-USSR.

Ngakho, Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev igxile amandla sekuyaphela ezandleni zakhe. Yena ngiyilahle ezimbili izimbangi ezinamandla kakhulu futhi kungaholela lizwe.

Ubani leliya lizwe ngemva kokufa kukaStalin futhi Malenkov ukuchema kuzo?

Lezo ezineminyaka engu-11 ukuthi Khrushchev wabusa-USSR, ecebile izenzakalo ezahlukene nenguquko. Kulo mhlangano kwakunezinselele eziningi ezibhekene State emva kwetimboni impi, futhi imizamo avuselele umnotho. mlando Key ukuthi esiyokhunjulwa inkathi yokubusa Khrushchev sika, lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Inqubomgomo ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe intombi (ungasekelwa yesayensi) - iye yandisa inani labantu izindawo kulinywa, kodwa akusho acabangele izici zezulu, okuyinto sebehlushwa ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo ezindaweni athuthukile.
2. "Ummbila umkhankaso", inhloso okwakunzima ukuze uhambisane zikufice-United States, i-isivuno esihle yaleli kwezitshalo. Ummbila acreage enwetshiwe kabili umonakalo izitshalo rye nokolweni. Kodwa umphumela Kwakudabukisa - izimo zezulu ungavumeli ukuthola isivuno eliphezulu, kanye nokwehla endaweni ngaphansi nezinye izitshalo sokucasuka ukuthola amazinga aphansi ukuqoqa kwabo. Lo mkhankaso kuye kwahluleka ngokudabukisayo ngo-1962, futhi umphumela wayo ozimele yayiba ukwanda kwamanani kawoyela kanye inyama, okwabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu.
3. Ukuqala yokwakha kabusha - ukwakhiwa mass izindlu, okuyinto eye wavumela imikhaya eminingi ukuba aphume zokulala nezindawo zokuhlala ohlanganyelwe ku (okubizwa ngokuthi "Khrushchev").

Ezenye wokubusa Khrushchev sika

Phakathi kulabo ababebusa ngemva Stalin, uNikita Khrushchev wema indlela yakhe unconventional futhi njalo Cabangisisa ashintshe ngaphakathi isimo. Naphezu eminingi ukuthi kwavela, ukuguquguquka kwazo kuye kwaholela ashintsha kusuka isikhundla Khrushchev 1964.