Ukuze Zemsky - umzimba emaphakathi yokuphathwa isimo. ukuze Zemsky: incazelo kanye nomlando

Ngemva kwenkathi Omkhulu isifo usekela kancane kancane ukulawula yokutakula uVladimir futhi eMoscow amazwe. nezimpi eziningi kanye insurgencies into yesikhathi esidlule, izwe uhlaliseke futhi aqiniswe yiseluleko autocracy tsarist. isilawuli Ukuqinisa ubephelezelwa ukunwetshwa iziphathimandla nezokuphatha, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Zemsky oda - central ukulawula isimo nomzimba ukuqapha.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala

Phakathi Isikhathi Nezinkinga, kungekho abalulekile uhulumeni neziphathimandla abekho. insimu yonke iRussia aye ashabalala. Kodwa ukwenyuka kancane ithonya ubukhulu eMoscow kwaholela ukunwetshwa lezemihlaba engaphansi kwesikhulu eMoscow ukuthi, ngakho kwakudingeka kanye siqu ejensi nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Njengoba isikhungo esizimele Zemsky oda kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala in imibhalo 1564, nakuba abanye abasebenzi ababebizelwe zemstvo namadiyakoni babenza khona imisebenzi yabo kusukela 1500. Ukuvela emizimbeni eyodwa leBhodi emazweni Russian uthi ithonya buthakathaka Izicukuthwane kwesikhulu kanye boyar, eqinisa kuhulumeni. Zemsky Sobor futhi oda aye ekhona kwamagatsha amabili amandla: zomthetho neyokuphatha. Umkhandlu wokuqala wabanjelwa obize phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo e 1549 kanye kuvumelana okubi kakhulu abukhali we ezinezimpi "phansi" kanye "phezulu" ngaleso sikhathi, esizibonakalisa inhlokodolobha yamazwe isiRashiya, futhi emaphethelweni principalities. Umlando ukubiza Zemsky Sobor has amabili eminyaka. Ngokomlando, aphoyintimenti bese oda ukuthi babehilelekile emakamelweni amabili: elokuqala uya yizikhonzi, izicukuthwane abaphathizikhwama futhi yabaphathizitsha yesibili - izingane boyars ', nababusi, nezikhulu nabakhulu.

Isakhiwo Order wesifundazwe

Kwenqwaba lezikhulu Ezweni oda abangu nokuzungeza ikhanda, bamiswe izikhulu zendawo. Baphila onogada emgwaqweni, abacibisheli futhi Gunners. Futhi kuncike ngehele onobhala, ngubani elawulwa amasango ukubamangaza emigwaqweni eMoscow ubudala, yarygi - obhekene wokuhlanza zokuhamba bendawo ahlukahlukene, enza ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi.

Izibopho Order wesifundazwe

ukuze Zemsky ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe ngesisekelo izimiso eziningi nemiyalo neziphathimandla. izikhulu zakhona ziye kwaphoqa onobhala kamasipala kanye tretnikov ekhona - proteges boyars nezikhulu. Kuphakathi kweminye yemisebenzi eyinhloko izikhulu oda kwakuyilawa:

• Landscaping indawo angaphansi kokuqondisa kwawo, ukuphathwa ezisemadolobheni;
• yokuqoqa intela;
• umbango futhi imithetho kanye amakilasi aphansi tesive
• komthetho, ukucima umlilo;
• elwa kormchestvom, yezifebe kanye nokugembula.

Izinga jikelele yentuthuko eMoscow laliwumuzi ejwayelekile medieval: emigwaqweni emincane, imfucuza avimbekile, yinqwaba umquba emigwaqweni kanye nephunga akubekezeleleki. Ukuze ngezimpelasonto namaholidi ezama ukuletha ukuze emigwaqweni eMoscow, isimo ngaphansi kwebhuloho no-St Nicholas-Butcher Street, okuvame waxosha yinkosi, kusekelwa cishe kuhle. Kamuva, wonke umsebenzi ezingcolile esiwaphathisiwe amadoda izindlu ongaphakeme - yaryzhnyh. Babephinde babizwe ngaphambilini ukuhlanza ezitaladini, kukhishwe ukungcola, ukungena embuthweni ezitebeleni esikhundleni kwezikhulu zasebukhosini.

umsebenzi wamaphoyisa eMoscow

ukuze Zemsky ukukhokhela umsebenzi amaphoyisa eMoscow, okuyinto unomthwalo inqubo ukuvimbela amacala amancane. Ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi kwakungekukhulu. Inhloko yoMnyango amaphoyisa wakhethwa nokuzungeza ikhanda, okuyinto ehhovisi futhi ehhovisi elincane zanikezelwa. Ukusiza abacibisheli wema ikhanda futhi ngehele onobhala. I owayecebile wayenenkinga yabo izinkantolo kanye lezokuphepha uphenyo futhi cishe akukho ukuxhumana amaphoyisa siqu.

Ukuthuthukiswa Zemsky ukuphathwa

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 Zemsky oda lahlukaniswa laba enkantolo ezimbili County, futhi iye yakhipha ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezahlukene eMoscow. Inani lamaphoyisa ezazikhonze oda, wandisa umsebenzi wawo. Zonke wamaphepha ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba "umkhumbi" futhi "imali" amatafula. Ngo izincwadi ikakhulukazi zivakiwe lwezikhalazo, iminyakazo kanye yokutholwa ngemva kokuyicabangela yisinqumo.

Ngemva emisha kaPetru mina, ngokusekelwe endleleni European wokuphila, ukuze uyekwa kanye Zemsky Sobor. Ministry kanye neBhodi akhiwa onobuhle western European. Lokho babenikelwe nge umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhonza uhulumeni omdala.

imvuselelo Zemstva

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ukwehla kohlelo akhona ophoqelelwe Tsar u-Alexander II kwekuhlela kabusha ngokuphathelene nokubusa ukwakha kabusha. Omunye wabantu bokuqala lidlule izinguquko zendawo ukuzibusa, lapho iziphathimandla zendawo banikwa amandla kakhulu futhi ngokwengxenye bakwazi ukuzenzela izinqumo.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ke waphakamisa impikiswano ekwelapheni bakule ndawo bese uqala uhlelo "udokotela Zemsky". Order of the nokuhlinzekwa ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuye kwaholela emakhoneni ezikude odokotela wezwe abezimo eziphuthumayo, abaphethe oluphuthumayo lwezokwelapha.

izinhlelo zemfundo unikezwa izimo ezifanele ukuze ufunde ukuthi ifunde futhi ibhale kunamaqembu amaningi iningi labantu - abalimi. umkhandlu wesifunda ngokwalo lithathe isinqumo ukwakhiwa nojantshi kanye nokwakhiwa amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezimbonini. ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa empilweni yamasiko amadolobha amancane uvuseleleke: amatiyetha evulekile, izifundo zabesifazane, imitapo yolwazi yomphakathi kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamasiko ezemfundo. Ngeshwa, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa futhi empini wayibhubhisa yonke engaba elilethwa ukuphila izinguquko esimweni kwekhulu le-19.

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje emlandweni izifundo kanye imincintiswano enikelwe ekutadisheni esidlule ezweni lakhe bomdabu, umsebenzi ezivamile:? "" I-oda "," Zemsky Sobor "," Inkonzo "," ekolishi "- ukuthi kakhulu" Iyiphi impendulo enembile babeyoba "Zemsky Sobor", njengoba kwakunjalo kwesiShayamthetho zonke ezinye esohlwini ekuphathweni komphakathi nezikhungo - yesigungu.