Silicon (chemical elementi) izakhiwo isici ifomula. Silicon indaba ukuvulwa

Amadivayisi amaningi zanamuhla kwezobuchwepheshe kanye apparatuses adaliwe ngenxa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele izinto ezitholakala emvelweni. Isintu ngu zokucwaninga kanye Ukutadisha ngokucophelela izici ezisizungezile njalo upgrades okusungulile ayo - le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Kusekelwe elula, kufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu izinto ezisizungezile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, isihlabathi, lokho kungaba kumangaza futhi engavamile? Ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa ke kusukela Silicon - isici zamakhemikhali, ngaphandle okuyinto besingeke sibe khona imishini computer. emkhakheni wayo kwesicelo wehlukile futhi njalo uyanda. Lokhu kuyofezeka izakhiwo eyingqayizivele ye-athomu Silicon, isimo sawo futhi kungenzeka compounds elula nezinye izinto.

sici

Ngo uhlelo gqwa, ithuthukiswe D. I. Mendeleevym, Silicon (chemical elementi) kuboniswa uphawu Si. Libhekisela non-izinsimbi, Itholakala ku main iqembu lesine kwesikhathi lwesithathu, inaso-athomu 14. ukusondela Its carbon akuyona ngephutha: e eziningi izakhiwo zabo kukhona wafana. Hhayi yendalo ngefomu okuhlanzekile, njengoba i-elementi asebenzayo futhi isibopho ngokwanele umoya-mpilo. Base impahla - silica, okuyinto i-nitrous, futhi silicates (isihlabathi). Uma le-silicon (kwakwakhe zayo zemvelo) ingenye izakhi ezivamile chemical emhlabeni. ingxenyenamba okuqukethwe Mass kuba yesibili kuphela mpilo (angaphezu kuka-28%). Phezulu uqweqwe sendlalelo siqukethe Silicon dioxide ifomu (lokhu asebenza ngebhethri), izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene Clays nesihlabathi. Iqembu lesibili ezivamile yakhiwa silicates yayo. At-35 km kusuka izingqimba ebusweni ukujula ahlelwe egwadle futhi basalt imali, okuyinto zihlanganisa Silicon compounds. Okuqukethwe iphesenti core umhlaba kungelona esiphethweni, kodwa eziseduze izingqimba ebusweni kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa (kufika ku 900 km) ngenhla tifaka ekhatsi silicates. Ukwakheka asolwandle Silicon lokuhlushwa 3 mg / l, inhlabathi kwenyanga 40% siqukethe compounds. Cosmos, okuyinto abantu kuze kube manje uye wahlola aqukethe lesi sici chemical inqwaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziywa Spectral wazo okuyinto osondela phansi buqamama olukhona abacwaningi, luveza ukuthi aqukethe 20% silicon. Kukhona kungenzeka kumiswa zokuphila ngesisekelo lesi sici emthaleni wethu.

locwaningo

Umlando kokutholakala Silicon chemical isici has izigaba eziningana. izinto eziningi, systematized Mendeleev, esetshenziswa isintu amakhulu eminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezingumsuka efomini yemvelo, i .e. e compounds ezingakenziwa kusukela imithi yokuwahlanza, nakuzo zonke izici zawo ayaziwa abantu. Ngo inqubo kokuhlola zonke izici into wabonakala izindlela ezintsha. I izakhiwo Silicon samanje ezingazange wafunda kuze kube sekupheleni - lokhu isici ngokwanele anhlobonhlobo futhi ezihlukahlukene kwezicelo eshiya indawo yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ngezizukulwane ezizayo ososayensi. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla ngeke kakhulu ukusheshisa le nqubo. Ekhulwini XIX, osokhemisi abaningi abadumile bebelokhu bezama ukuthola silicon okumsulwa. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza Tenaru L. noJ Gay-Lussac e 1811, kodwa kokutholakala isici kungokwalabo J. Berzelius, ngubani wakwazi ukubonisa ketshezi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi okuchaza. Chemist Sweden ithole Silicon ngo-1823, ngoba lokhu kusetshenziswa potassium metallic kanye potassium usawoti. Ukusabela senzeka ngesikhathi kulethe ngesimo ukushisa. I kwaphumela izidakamizwa elula umbala grey ansundu kuyinto Silicon amorphous. Crystal isici okumsulwa etholwe ngo-1855 Sainte-Kler Devilem. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kuhlobene Lokuniketwa amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu izibopho athomu. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, lokho okwenziwa chemical siqondiswe inqubo ye ukuhlanzwa ukungcola, amamodeli amorphous futhi crystalline babe izakhiwo ezahlukene.

Silicon: chemical isici pronunciation

Igama lokuqala powder kwaphumela - Kizel - kwahlongozwa ngu Berzelius. E-United Kingdom nase-United States-silicon futhi namuhla wayebizwa ngokuthi Silicon (Silicium) noma i-silicone (Silicon). Igama elithi sivela lesiLatin elithi "Flint" (noma "itshe"), futhi ezimweni eziningi it bopha umqondo "umhlaba" ngenxa ukusabalala wonke ngokwemvelo. pronunciation Russian of the chemical ihlukile, konke kuncike umthombo. Wabizwa Silica (Zakharov wasebenzisa igama elithi e 1810), eSicily (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), Silica (1825, ukwesaba), kanye kuphela ngo-1834, umthaki Russian German Ivanovich Gess wethula igama kuze kube manje esetshenziswa emithonjeni eminingi - silicon. The Periodic uMendeleyev System ukuthi uphawu esiqokiwe Si. Kanjani ukufunda chemical isici Silicon? Izazi eziningi lamazwe isiNgisi ukubiza igama lakhe ngokuthi "B" noma usebenzise igama elithi "abicah". Yingakho igama edumile emhlabeni wonke esigodini, okuyinto ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa platform zekhompyutha. Okhuluma isiRashiya sabantu libhekisela element Silicon (kusukela lesiGreki "eweni Intaba").

Ukuba nemvelo: Amasimu

Yonke intaba izinhlelo sakhiwa Silicon compounds, okuyinto ayitholakali ifomu okumsulwa, ngoba zonke amaminerali eyaziwa kukhona dioxides noma silicates (aluminosilicates). Ubuhle okumangazayo amatshe esetshenziswa abantu njengoba i material Ornamental - ke Opals, amethysts, asebenza ngebhethri uhlobo, ijaspi, chalcedony, ne-agathe, idwala crystal, carnelian nabanye abaningi. Basuke kwakhiwa ngenxa indawo okuvela kuyo amazwi Silicon compounds ahlukahlukene lapho kunqunywa kwabantu, isakhiwo, umbala kanye isiqondiso ukusetshenziswa. Buyekeza emhlabeni wezinto zingahlanganiswa yona leyo nto zamakhemikhali, lapho imvelo yakha izibopho eziqinile ezisansimbi noma izinsimbi (zinc, i-magnesium, i-calcium, manganese, titanium nokunye. D.). Ngokuqhathanisa nezinye izinto, i-silicon sasivumela kalula for isizinda ngesikalo zezimboni: butholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi imikhando namaminerali. Ngakho-ke, imali ngenkuthalo misela zixhumene imithombo ezingabizi kunayo amandla kunokuba amahlukuzo sendawo ndaba. Quartzites futhi asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi ayatholakala kuwo wonke amazwe. abakhiqizi ezinkulu kakhulu ne-silicon abahlinzeki yilezi: iChina, iFrance, Norway, United States (West Virginia, Ohio, Alabama, New York), e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika, eCanada, Brazil. Zonke abakhiqizi ukusebenzisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto kuxhomeke ohlotsheni komkhiqizo (technical, Semiconductor, ephezulu Silicon). Chemical isici ahlanganiswe ngaphezu kwalokho nomake, wahlanza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ukungcola anezakhi ngabanye zazo kuncike ukusetshenziswa kwaso phambili. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ketshezi. Silicon isakhiwo ichaza kwenkululeko uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza.

Umlando ukusetshenziswa

Isikhathi esining impela, ngenxa yokufana kwamagama abantu ukudida Silicon kanye insengetsha, kodwa imiqondo lawa akuwona ezifanayo. Singabantu ecacile. Njengoba sekushiwo, ngokwesimo, Silicon ayitholakali njengoba injalo emsulwa, angeke kushiwo mayelana noxhumo wakhe (i Silica efanayo). Amaminerali main namadwala kwakhiwa dioxide sisuke sicabanga ketshezi - kuyinto isihlabathi (amanzi Silica), asebenza ngebhethri futhi quartzite, feldspar futhi Flint. Lesi sakamuva babezwile Kufanele ube nawo wonke, ngoba zinikwe enkulu emlandweni wesintu. Nale tie ngamathuluzi ngabantu phakathi Stone Age. imiphetho yayo abukhali esukela igawula we Bedrock, kusiza kakhulu umsebenzi amakhosikazi angasebenzi lasendulo, kanye nokwenzeka imimese - abazingeli kanye nabadobi. Flint azange abe amandla imikhiqizo nensimbi, kodwa amathuluzi kuhlulekile likwazi ukuhlukaniseka kalula esikhundleni. Ukusetshenziswa Its njengoba insengetsha eyathatha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka - Kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa imithombo.

Ngokuphathelene ezingokoqobo lanamuhla, property Silicon enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba axhaphaze indaba for ukuhlobisa noma ukudalwa tableware ngobumba, nge, ngaphezu nice ukubukeka yobuhle, it has eziningi izimfanelo ezinhle sokusebenza. Isiqondiso ahlukene sokusebenza kwawo ngenxa kokusungulwa ingilazi eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000 edlule. Lo mcimbi ithuba ukudala izibuko, izitsha, ibala ingilazi KaMose compounds equkethe silicon. Formula izinto kokuqala kulekelelwa izakhi ezidingekayo, okuvumela umkhiqizo ukunikeza umbala oyifunayo nomphumela ekuqineni ingilazi. Amazing ezinhle nezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yobuciko ashiwo indoda kusuka amaminerali kanye amatshe equkethe silicon. Amandla okwelapha lesi sici iye yachazwa ososayensi endala futhi lisetshenziswa kuyo yonke emlandweni wesintu. Babeka phandle imithombo sokuphuza isitoreji amanzi imikhiqizo nokusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi imithi. I powder etholwe ukugaya lasetshenziswa amanxeba. Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa amanzi lapho ephikelela ebhodweni eyenziwe compounds equkethe silicon. Chemical isici Ukwakheka waxhumana nalo, ukuvumela inombolo ukubhubhisa namagciwane abangela izifo nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Futhi lokhu akuyona yonke imikhakha lapho sisuke sicabanga ayinto kuyinto kakhulu ziphoqa. Silicon isakhiwo kubangela multifunctionality yayo.

izakhiwo

Ukuze uthole eminye imininingwane izici impahla ke kubalulekile ukucabangela, ikhumbula zonke izakhiwo kungenzeka. Uhlelo isici Silicon chemical izici zihlanganisa izakhiwo ngokomzimba, imingcele kagesi, zezakhi cwaningo nemibandela ukuphendula, futhi ngakho ndima zabo. G. Silicon efomini crystalline has a grey umbala ne sheen metallic. Ubuso ofiphele ngehele cubic carbon sifana (diamond), kodwa ngenxa obuphelele enkulu akusi kuqine. Plastic lenzani ukushisa kuze kufinyelele 800 ^{° C,} kwezinye izimo, luhlala ethambile. Izakhiwo Silicon ukwenza kube izidakamizwa eyingqayizivele ngempela: kuba esobala amaza okushisa. Ukuma - 1410 ⁰ C no ukubila - 2600 ⁰ C, kwabantu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile - 2330 kg / m ^3. conductivity ezishisayo akuyona njalo ngenxa amasampula ahlukahlukene lwamukelwa i value silinganisiwe 25 ⁰ C. izakhiwo kuyi-athomu ye-silicon uvumele ukusebenzisa kwayo njengoba Semiconductor. izicelo ezinjalo kakhulu ziphoqa ezweni lanamuhla. Ubukhulu conductivity inomthelela yokwakheka Silicon kanye izakhi, kukhona ngokuhlangana nabo. Ngakho-ke, ethuthukisiwe conductivity ngogesi ezisetshenziswa antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus, i-perforated - aluminium, gallium, boron, indium. Lapho edala amadivayisi nge-silicon isetshenziswa njengesiqondiso ukwelashwa surface ne-ejenti, esithinta ukusebenza kwe-apharathasi.

I izakhiwo Silicon njengenhlangano umqhubi kakhulu esetshenziswa ngempela kabanzi ithuluzi yesimanje. Ikakhulukazi ezibalulekile elisetshenziswa womshini imishini eyinkimbinkimbi (isib Computing amadivayisi yesimanje, amakhompyutha).

Silicon: isici chemical isici

Ezimweni eziningi, le Silicon kuyinto tetravalent, kukhona ukuxhumana lapho lingasethwa ezimbili. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuba kahle esebenzayo, has kwakwakhe eqinile ekamelweni lokushisa kungaba kuphela ukuxubana sasekhaya kule gaseous isimo ekuhlanganisweni. Lokhu kungenxa Ukuvinjwa umphumela Dioxide ebusweni ifilimu, okuyinto okubonakale nokuxhumana oxygen noma amanzi kuma. Ukuze sikhuthaze ukusabela kudingekile ukusebenzisa kulethe: ukwanda lokushisa ilungele into ezifana silicon. elementi Chemical ihlangana mpilo ebangeni 400-500 ⁰ C, okuholela Dioxide ifilimu inyuka, inqubo namachibi. Lapho izinga lokushisa kuvuselwa 50 ⁰ C ukusabela nge uxhumano lokudlulisa, chlorine, i-iodine lapho tetrahalides oluyingozi kwakhiwa. Nge acid Silicon akasabeli, ngaphandle ingxube ka acid hydrofluoric futhi nitric khashana phi alikhali esimweni evuthayo kuyinto kuphela. Silanes ekhiqizwa kuphela yokubola silicides ekusabeleni ne-hydrogen akusho uyifake. The esiphezulu amandla futhi chemical compounds kuhluke passivity ne boron carbon. ukumelana alkalis futhi acid, nge kwakwakhe nitrogen, okuyinto kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa kuka-1000 ⁰ C. silicides etholakala ngokuzikhandla ukuphendula ezisansimbi, futhi kulesi simo incike valency timphawu aphelele, elibonisa silicon. Formula izidakamizwa kwakhiwa iqhaza metal inguqulelo olumelana acid. Isakhiwo athomu Silicon oluthinta ngqo impahla yayo futhi ikhono basebenzisane ezinye izici. Inqubo kumiswa izibopho ngokwemvelo futhi lapho zihlatshwa ketshezi (endaweni yokucwaninga, imvelo zezimboni) kuyahluka kakhulu. Silicon isakhiwo eqala yayo umsebenzi zamakhemikhali.

isakhiwo

Isakhiwo wesifunda kuyi-athomu ye-silicon has izici zayo siqu. Icala core 14, okuhambelana nenombolo ye-sequence ohlelweni gqwa. Isibalo izinhlayiya icala: proton - 14; electron - 14; neutrons - 14. Isakhiwo wesifunda zama-athomu Silicon okulandelayo: Si +14) 2) 8) 4. On the zokugcina (zangaphandle) electron ezingeni 4 ukuthi inquma degree of namachibi uphawu "+" noma "-". Silicon oxide has ifomula Sio ₂ (Valence 4+), a oluyingozi-hydrogen kwakwakhe - Sih ₄ (Valence ka -4). Inani elikhulu ngama-athomu Silicon can kwezinye compounds ube nenamba nokudidiyela 6, ezifana kwakwakhe nge sasekhaya. mass izinyo lomhlathi - 28 engaba-athomu - 132 ps, electron igobolondo ukucushwa: 1S 2S ^{2 2} bo-3 ^{2 6} 2P 3P ^2.

isicelo

Surfactants noma Silicon doped ngokugcwele isetshenziswa njengoba Semiconductor phezu ukudalwa eziningi, kuhlanganise ngokunemba, amadivayisi (isib nama-solar, transistors, rectifier futhi t. D.). Ultrapure Silicon isetshenziswa ukudala nama-solar (amandla). Uhlobo crystal single isetshenziselwa womshini izibuko kanye negesi laser. Silicon compounds ingilazi etholwe, Tile Ceramic, zobumba, zobumba futhi izindengezi. Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izinhlobo imikhiqizo Kunzima ukuchaza, ukuxhashazwa kwazo kwenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kwezobuciko nesayensi, emsebenzini. Usimende okuholela iyona impahla eluhlaza ukudala amamiksi kanye isitini yokuqedela izinto. Ukusatshalaliswa amafutha, uthambise esekelwe abicah compounds kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa izinkinga izingxenye ezinyakazayo izindlela eziningi. Silicides ngenxa izakhiwo eyingqayizivele nolaka abezindaba esiphikisayo (acid, okushisa) kabanzi umkhakha. , Izinkomba zabo kagesi enuzi namakhemikhali acabangele nompetha imikhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi, odlala kungekho indima encane kanye nesakhiwo athomu silicon.

Siye ohlwini kakhulu zobuchwepheshe kanye ezithuthukile kosuku lokufaka isicelo. Okuvame kakhulu, okuyinto ngobuningi Silicon Technical isetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningana:

1. Njengoba impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa into emsulwa.
2. Ukuze alloying umkhakha Metallurgical: khona Silicon kwandisa refractoriness, kuthuthukisa ukugqwala ukumelana namandla mechanical (nge ngokweqile lapho lesi sakhi, ingxubevange bangaba ziyaqothuka kakhulu).
3. Ngenxa deoxidizer zokususa-mpilo okweqile kusukela metal.
4. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ukwenziwa silanes (Si kuhlanganisa ne izinto eziphilayo).
5. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa hydrogen ka-silicon Iron ingxubevange.
6. Ukukhiqizwa yama-solar panel.

Inani elikhulu ketshezi futhi ukusebenza evamile umzimba womuntu. Silicon isakhiwo, izakhiwo zalo kukhona kulokhu juqu. Kulokhu, babutha noma ukungamthandi kwakhe kuholela ezifweni eziyingozi.

Umzimba womuntu

Medicine isikhathi eside usebenzisa Silicon njengoba amagciwane kanye isinqandakuvunda. Kodwa nge zonke izinzuzo nokusetshenziswa ongaphandle lesi sici kumele njalo kuvuselelwe emzimbeni womuntu. Izinga evamile kwayo okuqukethwe kuyothuthuka ukuphila. Esimeni ukuntula ezingaphezu kwezingu-70 trace izakhi kanye amavithamini basuke umzimba uyaluncibilikisa, okuyinto ukumelana aphansi ukuze ezihlukahlukene nezifo. Iningi lezingane Silicon is ebonwe amathambo, isikhumba, imisipha. Udlala indima isici kwesakhiwo olusekela amandla futhi kunikeza kuyaqina. Zonke lwamathambo izicubu kanzima kwakhiwa ngezithukuthuku compounds yayo. Ngenxa ucwaningo lwamuva uthole okuqukethwe Silicon ku izinso, amanyikwe nezicubu zezinzwa. Iqhaza kwalezi ekusebenzeni umzimba mikhulu, ngakho ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwawo nomthelela ongemuhle izinkomba eziningi eziyinhloko okokuziphilisa. Usuku ngokudla nangokwenama umzimba ngamanzi kufanele wamukele 1 igremu ka-silicon - lokhu kuzosiza ukugwema izifo kungenzeka ezifana ukuvuvukala isikhumba, ukuthambisa amathambo, kumiswa amatshe e-isibindi, izinso, angaboni kahle, izinwele nemibandela nail, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi. Lapho izinga eyanele okuqukethwe kwalesi sakhi inyuka amasosha omzimba, normalizes umzimba, kuthuthukisa ukumuncwa izakhi eziningi ezidingekayo impilo yomuntu. Inani elikhulu Silica - e kutshalwe izilimo, radishes, nokunye okufana nokolweni. Ingabe ukuletha imivuzo emikhulu ukuze amanzi silicon. Ukucacisa inombolo kanye nokuvama ukusetshenziswa yayo kungcono ubonane onguchwepheshe.