Iminyaka Epochal. Ukubusa Ivan le Emibi

Emlandweni ERussia phakathi no-1547-1583 zidlala indima ebalulekile. Nakule minyaka engamashumi (ukubusa Ivana Groznogo) ezihambisana nomphakathi jikelele, ikakhulukazi oprichnina eziyihlazo. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo ngempela njengomkhaya kunomthelela obalulekile ukuthuthukiswa lifeze izinhloso zalo zezombusazwe, ezenhlalo nezomnotho eMoscow isimo. Nokho, ezinye kubalulekile ukuphawula isikali kugucuka ezenzeke le minyaka. Ukubusa Ivan le Kubi ubephelezelwa zokulungisa ahlukahlukene ngofaka Uhulumeni uhlobo isikhathi sakhe - ukukhetha Rada. Ngokuyisisekelo, zonke izinguquko okuhloswe ngaso centralizing isimo kanye kudalwa eminye, eqinisweni, ukuze ezivamile zomphakathi kanye izakhiwo ezweni lonke. Ngalo mqondo, akukho ehlukile kunaleyo into ekhethekile le minyaka. Ivana Groznogo wokubusa kahle ngaphakathi mkhuba pan-European maqondana ohlanga ngokuphelele, eyaqala kudala High Ephakathi. Lapha kufanele basho esinye isizathu, cishe wayesho u-Ivan Grozny. Phakathi nokubusa uyise eyandulela, Vasily III, okwakuyohambisana emikhulu ukuvukela ethandwa. Futhi ngo-1547 leli viyo ngisho nesibindi ukubulala nomele asebukhosini, wahlambalaza nangobudlova we boyars. Kwaba sobala ukuthi uhulumeni okudingeka kabusha. Okokuqala, zokwahlulela zokuphatha.

umsebenzi Reform abakhethiwe ujabule

uhlobo uhulumeni olungekho emthethweni nenkosi sidaliwe for ukugcwaliseka imigomo yayo, esasivutha kusuka 1547 kuya 1560. Zonke izinguquko abangu okuhloswe ngazo ukwakha eqinisweni qualitative bureaucratic isimo uhlelo e Muscovy, ukuthatha ukulawula isimo kuleli zwe, uhlelo yinye kwamandla, ukuqedwa ezinsaleleni ukuxabana amakhosi asendulo, nokunye. Ukwakheka uhulumeni lolungakahleleki zazihlanganisa ezithile kwamadoda asebukhosini, le boyars, abaholi abangokomoya. Izinguquko main okulandelako:

1. kabusha Judicial. Boyarsky enkantolo wayengasakwazi ukwahlulela ngokwabo boyars, lelilungelo wayiswa endaweni ethile okukhethekile egcekeni lenkosi. Ikhodi entsha Law, ithuthukiswe Rada, iqedwe eziningi amalungelo sokwahlulelwa izinduna futhi ngawakhulisa ukubaluleka izitsha emaphakathi. Ngokokuqala ngqá lesimcoka kuphela komthetho ezamenyezelwa umthetho. Lokho kwavala amalungelo wesiko, angahlala nangobudlova boyar.
2. Zemstvo kabusha ukudluliselwa kamasipala self-ukuphathwa umnyango noma elokishini imiphakathi: lokuqoqa izintela futhi balondoloze ukuhleleka zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wabalimi ubelokhu eqashelwa enedolobha namalungelo alinganayo. Manje zonke izinqumo zakhe - kuletindvuna ngomzana, Dvorsky - kubhekwa abasebenzi wombuso.
3. Defense kabusha - mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto kwaphawuleka phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo. Bamemezela isimiso yokuqeqeshelwa yezikhulu. Ngo-1550 idaliwe strelets ibutho, okokuqala emazweni Russian. Okubalulekile kwaba umthetho umthetho lo yokubusa ezikhathini impi.

oprichnina

Nokho, naphezu umsebenzi, le boyars, okuhloswe ngaso centralizing isimo, ngoba ngokushesha waqala eminyakeni elibuhlungu. Ukubusa Ivan le Kubi esikhathini sakhe sokugcina kwaphawulwa ukwesaba Imininingwane ngokumelene ukhomba ngophakathi. Le nkosi yayicabanga ukuthi ukuguqulwa kancane kakhulu, ukuthi amalungu kahulumeni uyephuza ngokuphelele amandla akhe ngamabomu. Ngo-1960 ekuseni, inkosi enquma ukuthi nehlombe. Lwenza oshaya kakhulu umzimba ukulwa nonogada ngubani nje uqale ngokwenyama ukubhubhisa abameleli yezikhulu.