Self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali "Shilka". ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"

Esikhathini sokuqala emashumini amabili ngemuva yethula zezindiza isibe Uyisitha butho. Yiqiniso, ngokushesha baqala ukuvela izindlela ukuba simelane ukuhlaselwa yayo ebulalayo. Ngisho elula ezindizeni phakathi neMpi Yezwe II angase amabutho aphikisana naye amaqembu umonakalo eside isetshenziswa. Lokhu kwalandelwa Spain, Abyssinia, nezinye izingxabano eziningi, esikhathini esidlule nokusetshenziswa izindiza, amabhomu, isikhundla ngokuvamile abangakwazi ukuzilwela noma amadolobhana obunokuthula ngaphandle kokuhlangana ukumelana. Nokho, ukuphikiswa okukhulu zezindiza ngo-1939, lapho kwakukhona Second neMpi Yezwe. Wezikhali izikhali emoyeni ukuzivikela waba zinhlobo ehlukile. Ngokuvamile, inkinga main kwezinhloko zamaviyo phansi babe yizitha izindiza ezisebenza ezindaweni ongaphakeme, okubangela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu olunembile. Lesimo hhayi ngokuyinhloko washintsha kule minyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa.

I nomlando ophathelene "Shilka" umqondo

Kakade eko ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XX, abaningi izingalo abakhiqizi, silindele nesidingo esikhulayo, ukusebenza ukuthuthukisa ephezulu Isivinini wezikhali izinhlelo, okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko yokulwa emoyeni okuhloswe. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho babeyizibonelo esincane izibhamu tripods turret ifakwe izindlela isiyingi ligijima. Lezi zibonelo zihlanganisa German anti-aircraft izibhamu FlaK (iDemo Flugzeugabwehrkanone), eyamukelwa Wehrmacht ngo-1934. Baqala ngesikhathi iminyaka emihlanu ukuthi impi iye ithuthukiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ekhiqizwa izinombolo omkhulu. abadumile Iningi labo lalilisha "Oerlikon", ithuthukiswe Switzerland (1927) kanye isicelo yibo bonke amaqembu alwayo ukuze seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. System wabonisa kusebenta okusezingeni eliphezulu e izilonda izindiza ukuhlaselwa izindiza bephoqeleka ukuba isebenze at kokuwa ongaphakeme. Lezi izibhamu okusheshayo-osezingeni ngokuvamile 20 mm ne obuhlukahlukene ubude igobolondo (ivolumu incike kokuqala Isivinini eziqhumayo emikhonweni zebanga yingakho esiphezulu). Ukwenyusa izinga lokusebenza yafinyelelwa multicore izinhlelo. sekukhona Ngakho umqondo jikelele lapho eminye wadala Soviet self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali "Shilka".

Kungani self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isibhamu okusheshayo-labadubuli

Esikhathini 50s kwakukhona rocketry, kuhlanganise anti-aircraft. ekuhlaseleni Strategic and kwesimo endaweni izindiza, ngaphambili wayezizwa ephansi beqiniseka esibhakabhakeni yomunye, ngokungazelelwe silahlekelwa inaccessibility yabo. Yiqiniso, ukuthuthukiswa zezindiza waqhubeka izindlela ukwandisa izinga uphahla, kodwa ngokuvamile bavele phezu Storming izikhundla isitha baba ezingaphephile. Kodwa ababanga nandlela ukugwema igalelo yezikhali ezicitshwayo emoyeni ukuzivikela, futhi kwakufanele aye target at kokuwa eliphansi kakhulu. Ekupheleni wezikhali 60 anti-aircraft zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwakungelona ukulungele ukubonakalisa amagalelo izindiza isitha endiza trajectory flat ngesivinini. Isikhathi Ukusabela lalilincane kakhulu, ngisho nomuntu ne esheshayo "isibhakela" ingqondo ayikwazanga emzimbeni isikhathi ukuvula umlilo, futhi nakakhulu ukuba hit ilitshe, zagcwala esibhakabhakeni ngemizuzwana. ezishintshayo adingekayo nokunokwethenjelwa ukuthola izinhlelo. Ngo-1957 wakhipha isimemezelo Imfihlo Council of Ministers of ekuqaleni umsebenzi uqaliwe ukusungula isibhamu esheshayo umlilo ukukhweza. Thina necebo igama: self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali "Shilka". Kwakulula: nokwakha ke.

Yini ZSU kube?

izimfuneko ezintsha nobuchwepheshe kuhlanganisiwe ezihlukahlukene izinto, phakathi okuyinto babebaningi ehlukile gunsmiths yethu. Nazi ezinye zazo:

- flak "Shilka" kufanele abe radar esakhelwe ukuthola izindiza nobutha.

- Calibre - 23 mm. Yena, yebo, encane, kodwa umkhuba yokulwa sangaphambili sabonisa ukuthi izinga eliphezulu ukudabuka kwehlukana icala kungase kahle imbangela umonakalo, esanele iwukudambisa ukulwa amandla umshini umhlaseli sika.

- Njengengxenye uhlelo kufanele kube idivayisi othomathikhi, algorithm yakha kokulandela target ngesikhathi labadubuli, okuholela izimo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nonhlangothi. Uma sicabanga base-elementi maphakathi nawo XX leminyaka, akuwona neze umsebenzi olula.

- Ukufakwa "Shilka" kufanele kube self ezinezinjini, ikghono ezindaweni kangcono kunanoma iyiphi ethangini.

isibhamu

Wezikhali zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kusukela isikhathi kukaStalin yikona okungcono emhlabeni, ngakho kuyo yonke ezazikhathaza "iziqu", imibuzo wazithatha. Yahlala kuphela ukukhetha okuhlukile kahle lo mshini ukushaja (okungcono wayebhekwa njengoba tape). Okuzenzakalelayo isibhamu 23-mm ubukhulu "Amur" ARQ-23 nge "ukusebenza" umxhwele 3400 RDS. / Min. Engiludingayo ngenkani Ukupholisa ketshezi (emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni namanzi), kodwa angizisoli. Noma yimuphi target ngaphakathi endaweni engaba 200 m kuya ku-2.5 km abase belengela lokusinda, ukushaya empambana-mgwaqo emehlweni. Iziqu zazifakelwe umshini uhlelo njengoba sinjalo, ukulawula isikhundla sabo ngokuthwala esebenzisa ngemoto wokubacindezela. Kwakukhona izibhamu ezine.

Lapho ukubeka antenna radar?

Sol-23 "Shilka" ikhipha ezakhiwe isikimu classical ukuze silwe gumbi, ngamandla aft, futhi ezithathekayo ezingemuva ukudluliswa umbhoshongo. Ezinye izinkinga zibe ne nokubekwa antenna radar. Phakathi iziqu beka kwaba engenangqondo metal izingxenye zazingase abe lesilenge amasignali sasikhipha futhi wathola. isikhundla Lateral esongelwa ukuphazamiseka mechanical of the "esosweni" by kunyakaza ezenzeka phakathi labadubuli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zempi eqinile ye-elekthronikhi (ukuphazamiseka bembonisa) iye unikezwe inketho lokulawula inhlukano ngokusebenzisa kuhloswe emehlweni umdubuli kambayimbayi futhi kurediyetha design kungenzeka ukuvimba umbono. Ngenxa yalokho, i-antenna kuyinto egoqekayo wasibeka phezu gumbi amandla emkhunjini.

Yenjini chassis

Chassis lathathwa PT-76 ethangini ukukhanya. Kuhlanganisa amasondo endleleni eziyisithupha ngapha nangapha. Dampers torsion, amacimbi nge bushings iraba, izimvu zamanzi ukuba asivikele bafake kwesikhathi.

Engine ophoqelelwe (V6R) nomthamo 280 amalitha. a., ne ejection uhlelo indlu. ukudluliswa Five-speed, unikeza uhla 30 km / h (e sezwe nzima) ku-50 km / h (onguthelawayeka). Cruising ibanga ngaphandle refueling - kuze kufinyelele 450 km / h uma wagcwalisa ngokuphelele amathangi.

Ukufakwa imemori 23 unikezwa ngcono uhlelo emoyeni filtration ehlanganisa uhlelo labyrinthine ka ngodonga kanye ngononina qeda ukungcola igesi ezengeziwe.

isisindo Ubude umshini - 21 amathani, kuhlanganise imibhoshongo - amathani angaphezu kuka-8.

amadivayisi

Impahla ye-elekthronikhi, okuyinto ifakwe self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali "Shilka", benziwe olulodwa ukulawula umlilo uhlelo RPK-2M. Uhlelo isakhiwo radiopribornogo kuhlanganisa radar (1RL33M2, ayebuthene tube isici base), ku-ibhodi ikhompyutha (ngesikhathi kudalwa ngokuthi i amadivayisi wakhe isampula Computing), uhlelo isivikelo ukuphazamiseka, kubhekhaphu kusitholi sokubonwayo optical.

Uhlelo inikeza ikhono lokuzwa Okuqondiwe (at ibanga 20 km), kokulandela yayo othomathikhi (kufika ku-15 km), ushintsho imvamisa othwala pulses uma kwenzeka wenza umcimbi (Wobble), ukubala umlilo imingcele ukufeza hit okusezingeni eliphezulu okungenzeka amagobolondo. Uhlelo ungasebenza izindlela ezinhlanu, kuhlanganise ngekhanda izixhumanisi into ukunquma yayo indandatho-kuqondaniswe futhi labadubuli at phansi amatshe.

Ukuxhumana nabangaphandle wenziwa umsakazo P-123M, kwangaphakathi - intercom TPU-4.

Ukuguga kanye nesipiliyoni

Self ezinezinjini anti-aircraft isikhali "Shilka" amukela kakade Bole nengxenye engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Naphezu kobudala enjalo zihlaba ngoba izikhali anti-aircraft, ezine kweshumi uthi kusadingeka ke ku arsenal of amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha. Ibutho Israeli, ngo-1973 wazibonela nemiphumela emibi izindiza zabo iziqu ezine lokhu ishaja, kuqhubeka ukusebenzisa zezinhlobo ayisithupha ethumba eGibhithe, plus i ukwengeza kamuva. Ngaphezu republic ngaphambili owayengenalusizo yakhiwa eSoviet Union, Soviet anti-aircraft izibhamu ukulungele ukusebenzisa uma okwakudalwa yimpi, abaningi emazweni ase-Afrika, e-Asia nase-Arabhiya. Ezinye zazo nakho ukulwa umsebenzi amasistimu emoyeni ukuzivikela, kwadingeka isikhathi ukwenza ezinye ukulwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ne-Vietnam (nabaphikisi ngingabi buthakathaka). Kukhona ezinye e amabutho emazweni yangaphambili Warsaw Pact atheleka, futhi eliningi eside. Futhi lokho kuyinto ejwayelekile: zu-23 noma kuphi, futhi akekho ubiza kwakudala noma ezinye isidlaliso ephawula izikhali akusebenzi.

Sesimanje kanye namathemba

Yebo, hhayi JNA ezinhle "Shilka" ubudala. Anti-aircraft izibhamu wadabula ngcono eziningana, ihlose ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza ukwandisa nokwethenjelwa. Uye wafunda ukuvumelana ukuhlukanisa izindiza zazo abangabazi, ngaqala ukuhamba ngisheshe, electronics yazuza amabhlogo entsha ku isizinda isici yesimanje. I last "uthuthukise 'kwakwenziwa nineties, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusobala, sesimanje ezingaba zalesi simiso sikhathele siyingcuba. Esikhundleni "Shilka" woza "Tunguska" namanye amadivayisi Ukufiphaza, ezithinta amathuba kakhulu. Modern ukulwa indiza kungaba hit zu-23 akulona ibanga etholakalayo kuye. Yini okufanele yenziwe, kuyaqhubeka ...