19 Ekhulwini England: umlando, nezinsuku main kanye nemicimbi

19 Ekhulwini laseNgilandi laliphethwe inkathi yokuchuma ngempela. Ngaleso sikhathi, negunya lalo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho zacishe obungenakuphikwa. UBooysen wakwazi ukusho ukuthi babalekele esithathelwanayo French wamavukelambuso ngoba impindiselo ngokwaso revolution ezahlukene kakhulu - zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe. Inguquko yezezimboni kwaphoqa izwe libe isikhundla okuholela umnotho wembulunga yonke, kodwa kunalokho inqubomgomo esebenzayo angaphandle of England wamnika yokudlondlobala ezweni phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. Lezi zici nezinye eziningi, hhayi kuphela sakuthinta ngayo ukuphila-English ngokwabo, kodwa futhi usetha i-vector ethile yomlando ukuthuthukiswa.

Industrial Revolution eNgilandi ekhulwini le-19

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani inguquko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe eNgilandi wathola evundile kakhulu ukukhula kwawo, udinga kancane ujule indaba. Iqiniso lokuthi ngekhulu le-19 eNgilandi wahlangana lizwe lokuqala ukudala izimo ukuvela capitalism. Inguquko wobunxiwankulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 wanikeza izwe uhlelo olusha zezombusazwe - ohlanga esingaphelele kanye nehambisana nomthethosisekelo. Ngamandla onxiwankulu esisha senziwa ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba uqondise lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi kanye nezomnotho, futhi. Kulesi sisekelo, umqondo Machinization bokusebenza komuntu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze unciphise izindleko zomsebenzi futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza, yebo, kwadingeka ithuba abe ngokoqobo. Ngenxa yalokho, eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke wawudla izindwali nezimpahla British, okwakukhona imikhiqizo kangcono futhi ashibhile lalawo mazwe lapho namanje kubuswa womshini.

I Migration enkulu

Ukwehla isilinganiso sabantu ongumlimi kanye nokwenyuka komuzi - yilokho kanjani ukushintsha ubuso social kwekhulu le-19 eNgilandi. Ukuqala Izindawo ezinkulu futhi wabeka izinguquko kwezezimboni. Isibalo izimboni liye landa kancane kancane, futhi kufunwe bayanda abantu abasebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo isici ayimlethelanga ukwehla wezolimo. Kunalokho, kuyoba nje azuze kuleli. Encwadini amapulazi amancane yemincintiswane onginike indlela umhlaba ubunikazi emikhulu - kwezolimo. Survive labo bayakwazi nokwandisa ukuphathwa isitayela sakho kuphela: ukusebenzisa umquba ethuthukisiwe, imishini kanye amasu yezolimo isampula entsha. Yiqiniso, izindleko zokwenza lokhu umnotho waba ngaphezulu, kodwa futhi inzuzo inzuzo okwandisa isibe ihluke kakhulu. Yileyondlela nge kwathatha capitalism eNgilandi (ekhulwini le-19) laqala ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa ezolimo. Nothile Kuveza nemfuyo umkhiqizo usunificile Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kuleli zwe izikhathi eziningana.

Inqubomgomo wamakoloni ye-United Kingdom

Mhlawumbe akukho lizwe labetibambile amakoloni eziningi kangaka, njengoba England engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. India, e-Canada Afrika, e-Australia futhi kamuva waba umthombo ekuqongeleleni ingcebo yayo. Kodwa uma ngaphambili bamane baphanga bamakoloni isiNgisi, a izinqubomgomo ezahlukene kakhulu wamakoloni libhekene kwekhulu le-19. England iqala usebenzisa leli koloni njengoba emakethe izimpahla zabo futhi umthombo of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Australia, lapho kwakufanele athathe lutho, eNgilandi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi omkhulu wezimvu amapulazi. India usuwumthombo izinto zokusetshenziswa for the umkhakha ukotini. Ngo parallel, England amakoloni Luhlala izimpahla zabo, ivimbela ithuba ukuthuthukisa khona ukukhiqizwa siqu, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukwencika iziphuphutheki kusukela esiqhingini sabo okuyinhloko. Ngokuvamile, inqubomgomo angaphandle kwaba nombono obanzi.

isinkwa elambile

I-England ngaphezulu yaceba, lo mkhulu igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. Charles Dickens waba uhlobo eliqhakazile imidwebo yabo. Hard ukusho, ngakho uma eziningi nhlobo nehaba. Ubude kosuku zokusebenza Kwakuqabukela emahora langaphasi kulangu-12-13, begodu inengi labo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkokhelo ngokulambisa ngokwanele ukuze siziphilise. Abakhiqizi ngokuvamile kakhulu ukusebenzisa owesifazane ezishibhile ngisho kwezingane - ukwethulwa imishini ekukhiqizeni uvunyelwe. Noma yimuphi Izinyunyana zabasebenzi bavinjelwa futhi beqonda njengoba lihlongandlebe. Ngo-1819, e Manchester, endaweni Petersfield, wadutshulwa obonisa abasebenzi. Abaphila Besikhathi ngokuthi ukubhuqwa "Battle of Peterloo." Kodwa kungenjongo kwaphakama ngxabano acute okuningi phakathi kwabanikazi ifektri nabanikazi bemihlaba. Ukwanda okusanhlamvu amanani libangelwa ukwanda intengo isinkwa, okwaphoqa ukukhulisa inkokhelo ukuze abasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, iPhalamende abakhiqizi nabanikazi bemihlaba iminyaka ukudonsa intambo "Imithetho Ummbila".

king crazy

England kwezepolitiki lalilikhulu kakhulu. Akukona ukubavimba, nokuthi inhloko yezwe kwaba ngokuphelele uhlanya. Ngo 1811, uGeorge, King of England, kwathiwa siphelelwe amandla, futhi indodana yakhe endala indlela empeleni wathatha izintambo of uhulumeni ezweni, ngokuba ibamba. ukushiyeka Military Napoleon kudlalwa ezandleni zezombusazwe British. Ngemva ukubaleka wakhe kusukela izindonga iMoscow yayingenye England waba umthombo wako, okwakuthatha ukuyolwa yonke iYurophu kumholi French. Ukuthula laseParis, ungene ngemvume 1814, ukungezwa kwempahla yayo imali enkulu ezweni elisha. France wayezonikela England Malta, Tobago, kanye Seychelles. Netherlands - ezweni eGuyana okukhulu ukotini emasimini ka naseCeylon kanye eCape of Good Hope. Denmark - Helgoland. Futhi ngaphansi ukusekelwa yakhe ephakeme Ionian Islands ekhululwa. Ngakho ziyakhula ezindaweni waphenduka Regency. England musa ukuzamula nasolwandle. Ngemva Armada Omkhulu, wathatha phezu isihloko "iNkosikazi Olwandle." kweminyaka emibili eyathatha ngxabano yayo nge-United States. Imikhumbi yamaNgisi njalo ezinhle zazitholakala emanzini eseduze nezwekazi hlangothi, hhayi ngisho churayas ngokungagwegwesi kuphangwa okuzingela. Ngo 1814, ukuthula sasayinwa, okuyinto isikhathi kwaletha ukuthula kwengqondo kwezinga elithile.

isikhathi okuzolile nokunokuthula

Isikhathi lapho imithetho yase-England uWilliam IV (1830-1837), wazibonakalisa yathela impela yezwe. Nakuba babembalwa abantu babekholelwa ke - ngoba inkosi ngesikhathi ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-65, kweminyaka eside leso sikhathi. Omunye umthetho obaluleke kakhulu emphakathini kwaba ukwethulwa imikhawulo kwezingane. Cishe bonke e-United Kingdom of Great Britain wasinda ebugqilini. Kushintshwe Umthetho Kubi. Kwakuwusuku zazikujabulela futhi waba nokuthula kunayo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Kuze kube neMpi YaseCrimea ngo 1853 kwakungekho izimpi ezinkulu. Kodwa kabusha esiphawuleka kunazo zonke uWilliam IV baba kabusha ePhalamende. Lesi simiso esidala akazange avumele ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni hhayi kuphela abasebenzi kodwa onxiwankulu entsha ezimbonini. Commons kwaba ezandleni abathengisi, abanikazi ocebile futhi abaphathi bebhange. Kwakumelwe amakhosi ephalamende. Onxiwankulu waphendukela izisebenzi, enethemba lokuthi, futhi, uzothola endaweni yokushaya imithetho sabasiza ukuba bavikele amalungelo abo ngokwanele. Ngokuvamile nge izingalo. I-July Yenguquko 1830 eFrance lalingesinye benesifiso esinamandla endleleni eya ekuxazululeni le nkinga. Ngo 1832, izinguquko ePhalamende kwenziwa, lapho onxiwankulu zezimboni yazuza iPhalamende ilungelo lokuvota. Nokho, abasebenzi, kusukela kule lutho iwine, okuyinto kwabangela ukuba inhlangano Chartist eNgilandi.

Umzabalazo wabasebenzi amalungelo abo

Ukukhohliswa izithembiso onxiwankulu, isigaba sabasebenzi manje kuqhathaniswa ke. Ngo-1835 waphinde waqala imiboniso mass futhi ukusebenza, siphakamisele ne nokuqala kwezinkinga zokuwa komnotho e-1836, lapho kwafa khona izinkulungwane sabasebenza kanzima babexoshiwe emgwaqweni. ELondon, akha "Inyunyana yezisebenzi", okuyinto washayelwa sisekelo ngoba suffrage jikelele ukuhanjiswa kwawo ePhalamende. NgesiNgisi "charter" kuzwakala "charter", kungakho igama layo liyi - the Chartist ukunyakaza. ENgilandi, abasebenzi bafuna ngodli nokulinganisa ngokwaso amalungelo onxiwankulu bese uvumele ukuba baphakamise ukhetho emagunyeni. Isimo sabo siya siba sibi kakhulu futhi nguye kuphela ubani obengama bafihle abakwenzile - kuba benza. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela ahlukaniselwe kuwo amathathu. London umbazi Lovett wahola iphiko ngokulinganisela obheka ukuthi kungenziwa kuphela ibangelwa izindlela ezinokuthula, besebenzisa izingxoxo. Okunye chartists ngokwedelela walibiza nehlumela "pink party amanzi kancane." Ngesikhathi sobandlululo ngokomzimba uholwa ummeli Irish O'Connor. Ngokwakhe umnikazi we amandla into engavamile, boxer omkhulu, wahola abasebenzi nenkani ngaphezulu. Kodwa Kwabuya kwabakho lwesithathu, iphiko wamavukelambuso. Umholi wayo kwaba Garni. Kuvele Admirer of Marx no Engels futhi izimiso inguquko isiFulentshi, ngenkuthalo wabalwela ekuthatheni umhlaba kubalimi ukuze kuzuze isimo nokumiswa kwe-awa lasiphohlongo-standard nemini ngokushikashikeka nokukhandleka. Ngokuvamile, ukuhamba Chartist eNgilandi kuhlulekile. Nokho, kunenzuzo ethile kwakusadingeka: onxiwankulu waphoqeleka ukuba ukuhlangabezana abasebenza amaphuzu amaningana, futhi kuleli ephalamende imithetho ekuvikeleni emalungelo etisebenti waba ingane yokutholwa.

Ngekhulu le-19 eNgilandi ngesikhathi sokuchuma enkulu

Ngo-1837, wanyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi koroleva Viktoriya. Isikhathi kokubusa kwakhe kubhekwa "inkathi yokuchuma" yezwe. Kuzolile ezazivamile inqubomgomo angaphandle of England, wavumela yokugcina nokugxila ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kwaba umbuso onamandla kakhulu futhi ecebile eYurophu. Wayebona ebizela othile izimo zabo ukuze izwe kwezepolitiki futhi ukusungula inzuzo uxhumano wakhe. Ngo-1841 kwasivulela ujantshi lapho uhambo lokuqala wenza indlovukazi. British abaningi basakholelwa wokubusa Victoria, isikhathi esingcono kakhulu, okuyinto emlandweni England ezaziwayo. Ngekhulu le-19, ezashiya emazweni amaningi izibazi ezijulile, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kuyisibusiso kanjani izwe eliyisiqhingi. Kodwa mhlawumbe ngisho nangaphezu kwabo bonke impumelelo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, i-British bayazigqaja ephathelene nokufaneleka ngokokuziphatha kwezinqubo ukuthi indlovukazi wagxilisa izikhonzi zawo. Sekuyisikhathi eside Izici kwenkathi uVictoria eNgilandi kube nesifenqo. Ngalesi konke isikhathi ukuthi ngandlela-thile kwakuhlangene ohlangothini ngokomzimba zokuthambekela kobuntu, hhayi kuphela efihlekile, kodwa futhi ngenkuthalo wabasola. imithetho Hard zokuziphatha yafuna nokuzithoba okuphelele, futhi ukwephulwa yabo ajeziswe ngokhahlo. Yaze yafika the okungenangqondo: uma kulethwa England embukisweni eziqoshiwe Antique, bona bangaveziwe nje engamboziwe iqabunga komkhiwane wabo bonke ubunqunu bakhe. abesifazane Ukuphuza sasikhathazeka, kuze kokugqilazwa ephelele. Azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukufunda amaphephandaba nge izihloko zezombusazwe ukuthi abavunyelwe ukuhamba ngaphandle wokugada besilisa. Inani enkulu lalibhekwa njengento umshado nomkhaya, isehlukaniso noma ukungathembeki embukisweni nje njengoba icala lobugebengu.

izifiso Imperial zombuso

Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kwaba sobala ukuthi "yokuchuma" elusa ukwehla yayo. US nekuhlanganisa eJalimane kancane kancane waqala aphakamise ikhanda lakhe njengasekuqaleni, futhi e-United Kingdom of Great Britain kancane kancane give up isikhundla salo okuholela emhlabeni kwezepolitiki. Yafika amandla amaqembu olandelanayo ekhuthaza iziqubulo lingabacindezeli. Babephikisana kumanani ovulekile - ukugxila entuthukweni yomphakathi nomnotho - ukuzinza uthembisa izingcingo setingucuko nokulinganisela kulondolozwe letikwatiko British. Umholi we-Conservative Party ngesikhathi kwaba Disraeli. Wayesola Liberals wokungathembeki izithakazelo zezwe. Isici esiyinhloko usekela "nababusi balo" yeNgilandi, Ababesadla ngoludala wacabanga ngayo amandla ezempi. Kakade phakathi no-1870 ke yethulwa igama elithi "WaseBrithani", koroleva Viktoriya waziwa ngokuthi iNdlovukazi of India. I Liberals, eholwa William Gladstone igxile Inqubomgomo wamakoloni. Phakathi nekhulu le-19 eNgilandi eseke ezindaweni eziningi kangaka ukuthi ukugcine konke ngesandla esisodwa, kwaya kuba nzima. Gladstone kwaba umsekeli imodeli ngesiGreki yokuba ikoloni, ayekholelwa ukuthi nezibopho zethu ezingokomoya namasiko kukhona kunamanje kwezomnotho. Canada wanikwa nomthethosisekelo nokuthi lonke leli koloni wathola ukuzimela athé xaxa zezomnotho nezombusazwe.

Isikhathi ukuthela entendeni

Ngezenzo ekuthuthukiseni ngemva ubunye, Germany uqalile ukubonisa amaza ocacile ngase kuyinto engemukelekile. izimpahla British ababethatha kuphela eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke, imikhiqizo German kanye American kwaba manje azizimbi. ENgilandi, safika esiphethweni sokuthi kubalulekile ukushintsha imigomo yezomnotho. Yaqalwa ngo-1881, Fair Trade League wenza isinqumo khona lapho reorientation imikhiqizo evela emakethe aseYurophu Asia. Kwakufanele kubasize wakhe ejele eziyihlazo. Parallel kule khona ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo waseBritish Afrika futhi insimu eseduze yeBritish India. Amazwe amaningi Asian - Afghanistan nase-Iran, isibonelo - cishe sekube isigamu amakoloni of England. Kodwa okokuqala eminyakeni eminingi, izwe eliyisiqhingi wabhekana mncintiswano kulo mkhakha. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, eBelgium, eJalimane nasePortugal Iphinde yamemezela amalungelo ayo amazwe ase-Afrika. Kulesi sisekelo, UK waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa "dzhingoistskie" isimo. Igama elithi "Jingo" libhekisela abasekeli yezingxoxo zezombusazwe nolaka nezindlela sibhekwe kwezombusazwe. Jingo kamuva waziwa ngokuthi isizwe kakhulu, ukuhlakulela umbono lokushisekela ubuzwe yasebukhosini. Babekholelwa ukuthi ezindaweni ngaphezulu England uyosibonisa, siyoba sikhulu amandla negunya layo.

Ngekhulu le-19 kufanele ngokuthi ekhulwini of England emlandweni wezwe. Shono ukuthi iwine isihloko "workshop zezwe". izimpahla British emakethe kwaba ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye. Kwakumelwe ezishibhile futhi ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa eliphezulu. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye unikezwa England isithelo ocebile kakhulu isibe kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi kuleli zwe ngaphambi kwe-e bonke abanye, badela amakhosi ohlanga ngokuphelele. amabutho okusha esiShayamthetho baye nemiphumela emihle kakhulu. Imizamo ezifisweni nolaka lamazwe unikezwe amaningi amasimu amasha, okuyinto, Yebo, ngaphezu ingcebo ilethe izinkinga. Noma kunjalo, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, waseNgilandi waba omunye uthi enamandla kakhulu, okuyinto kamuva wakuvumela ukuba kuqhubeke ukusika nebalazwe bese unquma isiphetho umlando.