Ubugebengu isijeziso ngokuvumelana nemithetho uHammurabi, izibonelo izihloko: etafuleni. Ubugebengu isijeziso simiso uHammurabi

A esiyingqayizivele umbusi uHammurabi yaseBhabhiloni kwaba nombhali iqoqo imithetho. Cishe zonke ubugebengu kanye nesijeziso ngokuvumelana nemithetho uHammurabi etafuleni, ezenziwe ngobumba, zaveza ngokuningiliziwe. Phela, izibhebhe ezinjalo ubumba zishicilelwe izihloko iziqondiso. Esikhathini BC XVIII leminyaka. e. isikhumbuzo umlando - imithetho yeNkosi uHammurabi. Ubugebengu isijeziso, njengoba kuchazwe ikhodi, ebiyelwe 282 izihloko. Lapho wokubusa uHammurabi neminyaka engu-35 ubudala, watshelwa ukuba usike imithetho ikholomu enkulu emnyama-basalt. Lokhu okuthunyelwe ukuthola ngesikhathi kumbiwa eShushani ngo-1901. Esanduleleni sayo kunala mazwi emzimbeni wachaza ukuthi imithetho kaNkulunkulu, eyashiwo egameni inkosi, futhi badinga ukulandela.

imithetho Isabelo

Esikhathini yamazwi enkosi, imithetho eyayidingeka ukuze namandla hhayi becindezela ababuthaka, ukuze abafelokazi nezintandane futhi nezinye abacindezelwe ukuthola ubulungiswa.

Ukukhishwa iqoqo imiyalelo, inkosi waqinisa umbuso wakhe. Uhlelo zobugebengu futhi isijeziso yimithetho uHammurabi bavunyelwe unamathisele inqwaba yezwe nomakhelwane balo ukudala amazinga iyunifomu imithetho yezwe obumbene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi elite umphakathi ubeka inkinga ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokomthetho ukuze bagunyaze amalungelo kanye impahla yabantu phambi kwabanye. Kuyasiza kakhulu imithetho uHammurabi. Ubugebengu Ziyisijeziso, izihloko zisekhona, ukunikeza ubufakazi bezinga yentuthuko impucuko nesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mthetho wawufuna, futhi bushelelezi kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi emphakathini. umthetho Criminal echaza noma iliphi icala eliphathelene nesijeziso ngaphansi kwemithetho uHammurabi, ngamafuphi, isekelwe esimisweni kuyakuba isenzo elinesijeziso ephula esungulwe oda bendabuko.

impahla

ukuzama ukulawula ilungelo ubunikazi sewenziwe imithetho uHammurabi. Njengoba kuvunywe ezweni, izakhiwo, nezimpahla ezithathekayo nezigqila.

Umhlaba kungenzeka ngumnikazi isimo (inkosi), umphakathi, amasonto, ngabanye ezizimele.

ubunikazi eyimfihlo impahla umiselwe. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela impahla, ukuvikelwa zazo elinikwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izigqila.

izivumelwano kwesokudla

izibopho abahlukahlukene ngaphansi egumbini esukela izinkontileka. izivumelwano uhlelo isixazululiwe amaqiniso okuphila futhi ilungelo. Nakuba imali ngokubhala phansi izivumelwano futhi kwakungeyona impoqo, abakwazi waphetha ngaphandle ofakazi. Njengoba nje kulotshiwe kuleli zwe kwakwandile, abantu abafundile usayinde izinkontileka ngesimo uqopha isibhebhe sobumba. Ezinye izivumelwano ezidinga izifungo we amaqembu kanye phambi kwabapristi.

Kwesivumelwano abasenza jezisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi phakathi lapho kwaba ebugqilini.

Ukuze ukuthengwa nokudayiswa zidinga kwesivumelwano esibhaliwe. Uma uthumela izinto umnikazi omusha nendaba ngokomfanekiso wathinta Wand. Edayise kakhulu kungaba nezimpahla ezithathekayo, izindlu nezigqila.

Futhi wayekwenza izinkontileka zokuqashwa. Ngosizo lwabo thina, waqasha izimpahla, amasevisi kanye nabantu. Yande kwaba yokuqasha umhlaba. Kulokhu, imali yokuqasha yakhuphuka yaba bazokhokhiswa sokuvuna, ngezinye izikhathi ukufinyelela nengxenye yakhe.

Nakuba iBhabhiloni eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi izigqila, babe isevisi inkontileka njalo. Imibhalo eziningi ukufakazela nokuqasha izisebenzi zokwakha, abelusi, nababazi. Ukuze odokotela kubhekwe okuyihlazo ukuhlinzeka usizo lwezempilo ukuze lendoda empofu, ngisho noma akanalutho ukukhokha.

Umthetho evikelwe ukusebenza olunembile imisebenzi umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isakhiwo Yakhiwa njengoba umakhi boned, kwadingeka ukuba enze nokubuyiselwa akhawunti yakhe.

With ukuthuthukiswa zokukhokhelwa ngezimali baqala ukuvela amabhange, eyayibonakala izivumelwano loan. Amaphesenti loan wawumkhulu, esibalelwa ku-100% lemali baqashwe. Okweletayo ezikweletini njengesijeziso ungase ulahlekelwe inkululeko. Nokho, njengoba cishe ziyothambekela kakhudlwana yilesi abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti, uHammurabi sashintsha imithetho yokuqeda impilo yonke izikweletu ubugqila, nokusetha nenkathi eyiminyaka engu-3 ephelele izikweletu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho owethulwa eziningi okuvikela okweletayo ekuhlushweni abakweletwayo ngalesi simo.

umthetho umndeni

Family Law ezisekelwe emasikweni wezinzalamizi linqoba eBhabhiloni. Girls washada esemncane, okumenza ukufinyelela engu-12 ubudala. EBhabhiloni, le ntombazane kubhekwe elilingana indoda e ephathini umshado, ngokungafani uthi angomakhelwane. Ngaphezu emcimbini wedding, kwakudinga isiphelo sesimiso inkontileka umshado.

Umthetho taloko kwenzekani nge impahla owakwakhe ezimweni ezehlukene emkhayeni. It avunyelwe ukushada khulula izakhamuzi izigqila. Izingane ezizalwa e umshado onjalo, kubhekwe khulula.

Wabusa imishado monogamous. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, umyeni angase ukuba athathe unkosikazi wesibili. Nakuba ngomqondo ongokomthetho, owesifazane ilingana kunendoda emkhayeni yena waba nesikhundla ecindezelekile.

Indoda wakwazi ukushaya wakhe, ngisho ukuthengisa wakhe ebugqilini. Imithetho uHammurabi ezilungisiwe isijeziso ekhaphela unkosikazi.

Futhi, ngomzimba kwakuvamile eBhabhiloni. Yena kungaba ekhaya nethempeli. nezigaba ezithile abesifazane ngaphandle amadoda wahlanganyela nezifebe elingcwele amathempeli. Income kusukela misebenzi ukuthi ithempeli kunikezelwe.

Nakuba izifebe ungenakho okuhlangenwe nakho aba naso emphakathini, kodwa imithetho ngesikhathi esifanayo belondoloza ukulindwa kwendlu ukuziphatha umphakathi.

umthetho ngokulandelana

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala nentuthuko kwemtsetfo, kanye kwamanye amazwe nge ebugqilini okusemthethweni, ngokuvamile kubhekwa abazolandela Sons, enye yazo kwadingeka kuqala. Amadodakazi ifa lempahla kuphela lapho amadodana kwakungafanele. Kamuva, abantwana bakwa-abesilisa nabesifazane ezahlukene abe namalungelo alinganayo efeni. Uma izingane sife ngaphambi kwabazali baso, noma enqaba ifa, lelilungelo kufanele idluliselwe abazukulu. Izingane abamukelwa umndeni kwadingeka amalungelo ifa okufanayo nezingane zabo.

Ngokusekelwe yokuthi impahla akufanele imshiye uhlobo imikhawulo, umthetho ukunika ilungelo ifa washada amadodana. Mayelana namadodakazi oshadile umthetho bathulile.

Umfelokazi ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe wabuya dowry nezipho esenziwe umyeni. Wayebona ukuhlala endlini iyisithandwa oshonile. Uma umama wethu ukufa umndeni, dowry elinikwe, zingakutholi nomyeni wakhe nezingane zabo ngamasheya alinganayo. Konke wayeyisigqila ekufeni kwakhe ukuthola noma iyiphi impi.

Kuyoba azange linikelwe. Nokho, ezinye izici sekuvele ukubonwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ungakwazi epha kambaphambili kuze izindlalifa ezithile, futhi kungenzeka ukuphuca enecala yini ifa amadodana iphelele noma iyiphi ingxenye yayo.

Uhlelo zobugebengu futhi isijeziso yimithetho uHammurabi ngempela ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu.

ubugebengu

Ukukhonjwa isenzo lobugebengu emthethweni uHammurabi asihambisani Nokho, ngo kakhulu okuqukethwe izihloko kungaqondakala ukuthi ubugebengu kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isimo lapho imithetho wephule iziqondiso. isiko wezomthetho kwabakhileyo eBabele kwakunganele ukuzizuzela izimiso sekufundza umthetho lobugebengu: the ezihlukahlukene iphutha, yencazelo iyathinteka, umqondo imizamo Kuyicala, ngibonelele futhi esebenzisa isihluku. Nokho, ezinye izici umthetho obunobunye esizayo kakade kuyofikwa. Ngakho, umahluko phakathi ubugebengu obenziwa kanye injongo, kuchazwa umqondo iyathinteka, ngenhloso yokufihla lobu bugebengu kanye nokugqugquzela kuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushaywa, okuyinto zisetshenziswa isisulu ngesikhathi mpi, okwabangela ukufa kwakhe, musa njalo adinga isijeziso ibangelwa ngu isigwebo sentambo njengoba kudingekile ngaphansi komthetho wesiko noma njengoba kudingwa yi-Vendetta. EBhabhiloni, kule icala isephulamthetho sona lokukhokha inhlawulo, futhi leyo mali kunqunywa isikhundla social isisulu. Uma leli nxeba ulwa lasetshenziswa kungengamabomu, lowo okonile wakhululwa umthwalo. It is nzima ngokwedlulele, zishe uyaphila, bajeziswe kuphangwa ngesikhathi umlilo. Ukubulawa kowesifazane oda komyeni wakhe wajeziswa ngenxa yokuthi owesifazane abethelwe.

Izinhlobo zobugebengu futhi isijeziso kwemithetho uHammurabi zinikezwa ngezansi.

Amacala ayebekwe umuntu

Lesi sigaba zobugebengu abandakanya ukubulala (ngabomu noma ongahlosile). Izibonelo zobugebengu obunjalo kukhona ukubulawa omunye komunye ukusebenza yezokwelapha, okwaholela ekufeni, ngenhloso komzimba ukulimala, nokugxekwa noma ukuthukwa ngokuthuka isinyathelo, icala lokwehlisa isithunzi.

ubugebengu impahla

Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela impahla zethempeli impahla yenkosi, isijeziso ozama ukuntshontsha ukuthi ngaphandle izimo, kufanele anikezwe isigwebo sokufa. Futhi ukubaluleka impahla ukuthi intshontshiwe, akunandaba. Ngakho ngonya wabajezisa abantu ukuthenga izimpahla ezebiwe.

Ngandlela-thile ngendlela ehlukile washayelwa isihloko ngalokhu kwebiwa izinkomo, okubonakala kancane kuphambene isijeziso ubugebengu abalwe ngenhla. Theft i inkabi, noma imvu, ingulube noma imbongolo sihlawuliswa iqiniso lokuthi lokutholakala nempahla eyebiwe emuva amathathu lemali. Isijeziso kubonakala esithambile futhi, uma kungenjalo acabangele yokuthi inhlawulo omkhulu onjalo abomkhaya wakho kufana nokuthi isigwebo sokufa, ukuze indlela yokuthola imali ukukhokha inhlawulo, kuba cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, lowo okonile kwaba bebophekile ukuba bakhokhe ikhanda.

Ezinye ubugebengu ezihlobene impahla, ngokuvumelana nemithetho uHammurabi, evumela ukusetshenziswa elabasolwa ubulungiswa. Le mithetho ezikhona ngaphansi kwethonya komthetho wesiko noma oluphathelene naye lowo lynching njengoba isijeziso fair kakhulu. I sela, owakwazi ubambe ungene yesehlakalo egumbini lapho lwangena ngokusebenzisa ukwephulwa wabenza amakhosi wagwetshwa ukukhishwa okusheshayo landfills ku-indawo bamba.

Phakathi amacala impahla babe ngokuphanga, nokususa ngehlazo senceku waba yisigqila kukho, impahla umonakalo yomunye, ukubhujiswa imfuyo, izitshalo.

Amacala ayebekwe nokuziphatha

Lobu bugebengu ezivamile kulesi sigaba babe ubugebengu ezephula isiko lomkhaya: ukulala nesihlobo, ukuphinga unkosikazi, abakhanukayo unkosikazi ukuziphatha ukudlwengula. Lihlanganisa namacala ahlobene lokweba noma esikhundleni izingane, babalekele unkosikazi kumyeni wakhe, nokweba owesifazane abashade.

Amacala ayebekwe ubulungiswa

Lezi misdemeanors kukhona ubufakazi bamanga ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala lakhe. Lokhu icala kujeziswa ngesisekelo isimiso ukuziphindiselela alinganayo. Umthetho nawo ezilungisiwe isijeziso amajaji zaguqula nezinqumo zokwahlulela kunoma isiphi isimo ngenxa ingcindezi noma imali. It enikeziwe yokususa amajaji esuka ehhovisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijaji kwakudingeka akhokhe izikhathi 12 izindleko isamba isimangalo.

Crime eyashukumisela lochwepheshe

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izenzo zobugebengu odokotela, izisebenzi zokwakha, abantu abangesiwona abaqashi abelusi.

Phakathi ubugebengu, kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kubantu ahlangane isimo. indoda elinesijeziso owanika isiphephelo kumuntu osonile hhayi donesshy oyifundile mayelana nesakhiwo. Ukufa ekuphikeni yisigwebo amasosha enkulumweni mkhankaso. Ingani abazange babone ngisho Unelungelo ukuphakamisa candidacy wakhe esikhundleni somunye umuntu.

isijeziso

Izinhlawulo babe nobudlova ngokwedlulele. Isigwebo sokufa kuka amathathu izinhlobo zobugebengu. Nokubulala noma ukubulala wubudedengu kuhilelani ukufa umsolwa. Ngaphezu isigwebo sokufa yasetshenziswa kuhlawuliswa, ukucwiya, impahla isinxephezelo ngobukhulu amaningi, isijeziso ngesisekelo retribution alinganayo (talion isimiso), izinhlawulo.

imithetho kaHammurabi ebhubhisa banikwa eziningi amalungelo, kuye ngokuthi isimo sezenhlalo noma ubulili umhlaseli. Amacala afanayo babe yisigwebo izinhlawulo ezahlukene sokuba inceku futhi indoda khulula. Nakuba iningi lemikhandlu imithetho uHammurabi wajeziswa ngenca ubugebengu ngamunye, kwezinye izimo wahlala kwesisekelo - esifuze of ubudlelwano zamaKhosi. Ngakho, uma isela abakwazanga ukubamba, umphakathi waphoqeleka ukuba buyisela eyebiwe kule ndawo lapho ayehlala khona, impahla.

Izijeziso :

• ukufa ngesimo esivuthayo, wabethelwa, aminzisa;
• ukucwiya ngesimo ukusika olimi, neminwe, izandla kanye nolimi;
• ukuxoshwa zokuhlala;
• izinhlawulo eziphoqelelwe ngoba ukulinyazwa kwempahla, ngoba nokugxekwa nokushaya nebhethri.

Ikhodi uHammurabi livame ukusetshenziswa talion isimiso (alinganayo retribution). Ngokwesibonelo, uma lowo owenze icala phambi ndodana yomuntu, isijeziso kuyakuba indodana isigebengu. Ngokombono incazelo lamanje amalungelo anjalo kubonakala okungenanzuzo, kodwa ezikhathini zasendulo, lezingane ezibhekwa bambheka njengomsunguli ubunikazi, futhi enjalo isinxephezelo esilingweni kubonakale esisemthethweni.

umbango

Ngesikhathi session enkantolo yisono futhi bajeziswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho uHammurabi. Inkantolo futhi kwathatha indawo imodi adversarial. Icala eladabuka i party abanezikhalo. EBhabhiloni ke sesakhiwe umthetho nenqubo, zidinga ukuthi amajaji ukuzwa ofakazi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuphenya izimo izindaba.

Wines ezibhekwa wazibonakalisa uma isephulamthetho ngasivuma bugebengu, kwadingeka imibhalo futhi ofakazi mlandu, kwakukhona iminonjana ubufakazi futhi izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Ithebula izihloko uHammurabi

Izingcaphuno kusukela egumbini, lapho ngamunye unikezwa ubugebengu kanye nesijeziso yimithetho uHammurabi zihloko ungazifunda ngezansi.

Ngokuphelele zonke izenzo zobugebengu futhi isijeziso yimithetho uHammurabi, izibonelo izihloko ayikwazanga ukutholakala. Ukuze ezisekhona akubona bonke kwemibandela yomthetho.