Njengoba amagciwane ande e isimo esihle okungekuhle?

I eziphilayo kulencane eplanethini yethu - bacterium amaseli prokaryotic. Mhlawumbe, ubungako bawo - lokhu ingenye yezizathu ukuthi ziyakwazi ukwanda okukhulu kwenani. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinga lokukhula webhaktheriya kwenzeka njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu 20-30. Ngokwemvelo, inani lamaseli kwakhiwa liyamangalisa! Ngelanga zihunyushelwe eziningi inzalo nomuntu ngamunye kuyoba angaba ngu-5.

Nokho, ngenxa izici ezihlukahlukene nokukhawulela enkulu yalokhu kwanda ingekho. Yini kungenxa ukubuyabuyelela okusheshayo la magciwane? Ake sizame sokulungisa le nkinga.

zama-bacterium yokuzalanisa izindlela

Kunezinhlobo eziningana. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi inquma elilodwa noma kwenye okufana inqubo yokuzala - imvelo yangaphandle. Njengoba amagciwane ande ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle? ngezindlela ezimbili:

• vegetative (asexual);
• Olufufusayo.

Kuyinto amasu ngokushesha, lula futhi evolutionarily lasendulo. Nokho, izindlela ezinjalo, akukho exchange kolwazi zofuzo, ngakho ezingaphansi ngabanye ikhophi esiqondile umzali.

Kodwa njengoba amagciwane ande uma kwemigomo sphere yangaphandle okungekuhle? Khona-ke kulandela inqubo ethile has substrate efanayo ngokobulili ukukhiqizwa kabusha ezinamangqamuzana amaningi - exchange kolwazi zofuzo ngenxa recombination amasayithi we-DNA molecule nucleoids eduze kumaseli.

Cabanga ngalinye kulawa embodiments kabanzi futhi ukunquma izici kulinywe yokufakelwa kwemiphakathi nezilwanyana ezincane.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha Asexual kanye nezici zayo

Ngamunye iseli webhaktheriya owenza zonke obalulekile izinqubo:

• ukuphefumula;
• feeds;
• uhamba;
• It ubamba futhi uchitha amandla;
• inyuka;
• sibangelwa.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi wonke zokuphila iba inqubo yokuzala asexual, okwaphumela iseli umama kuphakamisa abantu abasha futhi kancane kancane uyafa.

Incazelo yenqubo

Indlela lapho amagciwane ande vegetatively, kungenziwa kafushane ezichazwe izigaba ezimbalwa.

1. Igciwane ifinyelela usayizi othile, kanye isitokwe izakhamzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, usekulungele ukuqala inqubo.
2. Khona-ke iseli iqala ukunweba longitudinally, okungukuthi ukuba zinde.
3. Kulokhu kumiswa phakathi odongeni transverse (okhalweni), ukuthi iqala bukhomba maqondana maphakathi cell, ecindezela ke.
4. Ngaphakathi lokhu kuhambisana nokubuka DNA ukufanisana inqubo, ie Ukuhlukaniswa nucleoid.
5. Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo kokubili imikhawulo engqamuzaneni unamathele izindonga amaseli virus.
6. I-DNA eyinhloko futhi ziphindaphindwe eyahlukene izingongolo ezahlukene.
7. Padding uvala nokuhlukaniswa kwenzeka kumaseli ezimbili. Njengoba ukwakha abantu ababili indodakazi.
8. Kulahleke isakhiwo (flagella slime amaphilisi nokunye) kokuba ukuqedelwa ngalesi omele ngalinye ngokuhlukile.
9. Nucleoid lokuqala ihlukaniswe sezitokisi, bese kuthi cytokinesis kwenzeka ngemva kwakhe.

Kusobala ukuthi ukukhula nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha zama-bacterium kulolu hlobo - inqubo elula kakhulu futhi fast-ezihambayo ukuthi akudingi ukulungiselela futhi ezinye izici ezithile.

Nokho, ezinye izinhlobo zawo (isib, hay amagciwane induku emise), inqubo akugcini lapho. amaseli ezimbili indodakazi yakha phakathi kwazo ibhuloho okuyothi DNA yakho idlulisela ngokukhululekile komunye. Ukubhekana nomunye, le nucleic acid molecule umklomelo izingxenye, okuholela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngemva kwalokho, i-DNA ibuyisela esitokisini, kuphela zishintshile, ezindaweni wesifunda omusha esakhelwe ngaphakathi. I eMpumalanga ibhuloho, iqala ngamunye khona ngabanye ezizimele.

Izinhlobo cell division

Kukhona izici eziningana indlela amagciwane ande asexually. Uma wenza inqubo, kukhona zimo ezintathu kungenzeka.

1. Cytokinesis futhi sokuhlukanisa nucleoid kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukwakha okhalweni, amangqamuzana ukuhlakaza izakhiwo ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, kulezi zimo kukhona diplococci ekwakhekeni, streptococci, staphylococci, induku izakhiwo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, nezinye izinhlobo ngokuhlanganyela.
2. division Jwayelekile. Ngakho kukhona ngesikhathi esifanele nobunye vegetative division njengoba amaseli ngokwabo, futhi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo kanye cytoplasm. Ngenxa yalokho umzali oyedwa etholwe amaseli ezimbili ezivamile indodakazi.
3. Division okwenzeka nesidoda okunikelwe ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho ukuhlukana amaseli ngokwabo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa ifomu mnogonukleoidnye.

Uma kwakhiwa, yimiphi amakoloni ngenhla, amaseli iningi labo nalo bavame ukuba ahlukane khona nomunye futhi abazimele.

Izindlela amaseli ahlukanisa komunye nomunye

Izici amagciwane yokuzalanisa vegetatively ukunikeza izinto ezahlukene ongazikhetha cell ngokuhlukana. Zonke bakwazi ukuqamba ezintathu.

1. Amaseli aphule ibhuloho cytoplasmic phakathi kwabo dudula nomunye (ngokuhlukana amakhefu). Isibonelo:-anthrax imbewu eletha.
2. ngokuhlukana Qaphela ngosizo surface ngokuhambisa yomunye umuntu. Isibonelo: Escherichia.
3. Isigaba. Indlela lapho iseli uchaza esinye emhlabeni sibalo efomini V Isibonelo: idiphtheria igciwane.

Kulesi ethile asexual (vegetative) amagciwane yokuzalanisa abantu ukuqeda.

ukuzala: Izici

Kangakanani ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane indlela ngokobulili, kwase kunesiqiniseko kuphela ngo-1946. Ngaphambi lokhu wayaziwa kuphela sike sacabanga inketho. Kukholakala ukuthi impendulo yombuzo othi kanjani nokuzala la magciwane, licacile: asexually kuphela cell division e ezimbili.

Nokho, ucwaningo nge amagciwane Escherichia coli wabonisa ukuthi amaseli yayo labo abazokwazi conjugation. Ngakho-ke ngokuthi inqubo ekhethekile exchange of zofuzo. Futhi yilesi isibonakaliso eqondile ukuzala.

Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana iduna nensikazi akuyona phakathi amagciwane. Nokho, kukhona njalo umuntu equkethe DNA kokuqala (owesilisa) futhi lowo kuyoba eseduze kwayo (female). Yonke inqubo kanje.

1. amaseli ababili bukhomba nabanye futhi baxhumane ngamunye.
2. Oxhumana ibizwa ngokuthi isiphuzo, futhi kuba eziyize tube fibrous. Ikhishwa "owesilisa" cell.
3. Khona-ke, isiteshi ezakhiwe ukudluliswa DNA ku cell uyise umzali uqala kwenzeke.
4. Lapha, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo is recombined, Ukuhwebelana ie komhlaba. Ingqamuzana ngalinye uqobo ucedzela iketango elingekho.
5. Le nqubo ihamba kancane kakhulu, ngakho ngokokuqala ndima yayo "owesilisa" cell uyakwazi izikhathi eziningana ukuphindaphinda DNA yayo.
6. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwabantu abasha indwangu isakhi sokuzakhela zofuzo ngezibonakaliso kokubili amaseli owesilisa nowesifazane. Futhi kukhona amanye amaseli kokuqala zoyise.

Kukhula amakoloni webhaktheriya

Ukuze ukufunda indlela ukukhula nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha zama-bacterium, ukulungiselela ekhethekile isiko abezindaba efanelekayo uhlobo ngalunye. Bakhandwa seeded zamagciwane nokugcina izimo ezithile oyinyumba ukugwema mncintiswano ngamasheya, namanye amagciwane ababukele izinguquko ezenzekayo nokukhula wonke amakoloni.

Uma ungenalo ukhawule izici nokukhawulela kule nqubo, ukukhula labantu ungaphakathi inchubekelembili logarithmic. I lilokhu libuna kwamaseli ngendlela yemvelo - nje izibalo.

sporulation

Ukuzwa ukuthi amagciwane abanga labo abazokwazi ukwakha isakhiwo ekhethekile - le mpikiswano, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenye version kanjani ukuba amagciwane ande. Nokho, akuyona.

Ingxabano - iyisimo yesikhashana weseli ukuphumula lapho uyakwazi ukusinda kwezimo zendawo ezimbi kuphela. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Nge inqubo ukuzala neze axhunyiwe.