Izici sodium. sodium Formula

Sodium - omunye izinsimbi alikhali. Uhlu izakhi zamakhemikhali ubonisa ke njengoba i-athomu okuqondene kwesikhathi lwesithathu futhi iqembu lokuqala.

izakhiwo

Kule ngxenye, sodium isici ngokuya physics ezocatshangelwa. Okokuqala, njengoba injalo emsulwa, isiliva okuqinile kokuba ayebuthaka metallic kanye ubulukhuni ongaphakeme. Sodium uthambile ukuze kungenziwa kalula usike ngommese. Lokuncibilika yalolu ketshezi uphansi impela ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye degrees Celsius. I-atomic weight sodium, kuncane kakhulu ngakho, sizobe ukukhuluma kamuva. I kwabantu metal elilingana 0.97 g / cm ^3.

kwebalingisi Chemical sodium

Lo msuka has a umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu - ke uyakwazi ngokushesha futhi basabela ngobudlova nezinye izinto eziningi. Futhi, ithebula izakhi zamakhemikhali ukunquma value ezifana mass izinyo lomhlathi - I-sodium kuba amabili nantathu. Omunye imvukuzane - kuba yokuthi liphansi izinga equkethe 6,02 x 10 23 ama-athomu degree (yamangqamuzana uma imfuyo eziyinkimbinkimbi). Ukwazi mass izinyo lomhlathi timphawu, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi lungakanani ngeke nesisindo isibalo esithile amavukuzi veschetsva. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimbili amavukuzi sodium ukala amane nesithupha amagremu. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, insimbi asebenzayo - omunye esisheshayo kakhulu, ibhekisela alikhali, ngokulandelana, kungaba ukwakha oxide alikhali (sizindza lesicinile).

Njengoba oxides kwakhiwa

Zonke izinto yaleli qembu, kuhlanganise esimweni sodium, ingatholakala omlilo sokuqala. Ngakho, kukhona ukusabela lensimbi oksijini, okuholela kwetinhlavu oxide. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ashise amavukuzi ezine sodium imvukuzane umoya-mpilo imali ngayinye futhi bathole amabili amavukuzi of oxide metal. Ifomula sodium oxide - Na ₂ O. I kwesibalo ukuthi bayavuma simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ O. Uma imfuyo ukungezwa amanzi okuholela ezakhiwe alikhali - NaOH.

Ukuthatha enye imvukuzane of oxide namanzi, sithola ezimbili Mol base. Lapha ezothando yokusabela: Na ₂ O + H ₂ O = 2NaOH. Indaba okuholela ubizwa nangokuthi soda caustic. Lokhu kungenxa yayo liphinyiselwe ane-alikhali izakhiwo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu chemical aktivnotyu. Njengoba acid eqinile, soda caustic usabela nge zensimbi ngasebenzi, organic compounds, njll Ngesikhathi ukuxhumana ukusabela nosawoti exchange kwenzeka - .. Kumiswa usawoti entsha futhi base entsha. Isixazululo sodium hydroxide kalula ukubhubhisa Indwangu, iphepha, isikhumba, amazipho, ngakho-ke sidinga ngokugcinwa imithetho yokuphepha lapho esebenza naye. Kusebenza sodium hydroxide embonini chemical kulethe, kanye ekuphileni kwansuku zonke njengokungathi yokuxazulula inkinga ka amashubhu ivimbekile.

Ukusabela nge halogens

Kuyinto elula, ehlanganisa adi- ezihlobene iqembu lwesikhombisa kohlelo gqwa. Ohlwini kuhlanganisa fluoro, iodo, chloro, bromo. Sodium ukwazi usabela nabo bonke, ukwakha yingxube njenge chloride / bromide / iodide / sodium-fluoride. Sokufeza ukusabela udinga ukuthatha amabili amavukuzi we metal, unezela nalokho omunye imvukuzane ka-fluoride. Umphumela sodium fluoride e isamba nezimvukuzane ezimbili. Le nqubo singatlolwa bunjesi ezothando: Na + F ₂ = 2NaF. Sodium fluoride, esiye lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa wokuxubha ngokumelene ukubola kwamazinyo, kanye insipho for ezihlukahlukene evele. Ngokufanayo, uma ungeza chlorine etholakalayo sodium chloride (ekhishini usawoti), i-sodium iodide, esetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni izibani halide metal, sodium bromide, lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi nomuthi ngoba nezifo zengqondo, ukuqwasha, umhayizo nezinye izifo ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa.

Nge nezinye izinto ezilula

Futhi iyatholakala kukhona sodium ukuphendula i-phosphorus, Sulphur (sulphur), carbon (carbon). Lolu hlobo zamakhemikhali kungaba kwenziwe kuphela endabeni kwelungiselelo elikhethekile ngendlela ukushisa. Ngakho, kukhona ukusabela kwalokho. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto ezifana sodium phosphide, sodium sulfide, sodium Carbide.

Njengoba isibonelo, okunamathiselwe ukuzulazula kwama-athomu sensimbi athomu phosphorus. Uma sithatha amavukuzi ezintathu insimbi eyodwa imvukuzane esemazweni yesibili, bese ukufudumeza kubo, sithola enye imvukuzane sodium phosphide. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela singatlolwa bunjesi ezothando ezilandelayo: 3Na + = Na ₃ P P. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium kungaba asabela nge nitrogen ne-hydrogen. Esimweni sokuqala, umuntu nitride lokhu metal, okwesibili - hydride. Njengoba izibonelo zamakhemikhali kwesibalo ezifana: 6Na + N2 = 2Na ₃ N; 2Na + H2 = 2NaH. Ukuze ofeza ukuxhumana kuqala kudinga osenyameni kagesi, kwesibili - lokushisa eliphezulu.

Ukusabela nge acid

Ngo elula izinto Chemical sodium imikhawulo isici. Lokhu metal futhi ihlangana wonke ama-asidi. Ngenxa yalokho ekusebenzisaneni chemical kwakhiwa sodium usawoti ne-hydrogen. Ngokwesibonelo, kumiswa ekhishini usawoti ne-hydrogen, okuyinto iyasha at ukusabela lensimbi hydrochloric acid. Ukuze liveze okunjena ngokusebenzisa kwesibalo yokusabela: Na + HCl = NaCl + H _2. Lolu hlobo nokuxhumana ibizwa ngokuthi chemical esikhundleni ukuphendula. Nge eliyifa layo futhi kungaba nosawoti ezifana phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, sodium carbonate.

Ukuxoxa nosawoti

Sodium ihlangana nosawoti of izinsimbi ngaphandle potassium ne-calcium (banayo reactivity ephakeme kunaleyo element olucutshungulwayo). Kulokhu, njengoba esikhathini esedlule, ukusabela esikhundleni kwenzeka. Athomu ukuzulazula kwama-athomu metal akhona kumakhemikhali metal ababuthakathaka. Ngakho, ngokuxuba ezimbili amavukuzi sodium nokukodwa imvukuzane magnesium nitrate ukuthola sodium nitrate e isamba nezimvukuzane ezimbili, kanye magnesium okumsulwa - omunye Mol. Rekhoda ezothando yokusabela kungaba ngakho: 2Na + MG (CHA _{3) 2} = 2NaNO ₃ + MG. Isimiso esifanayo ingatholakala neminye nosawoti sodium. Futhi le ndlela ingatholakala zensimbi yalo.

Kwenzekani uma wengeza amanzi ukuze sodium

Lona mhlawumbe omunye izinto ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni. Futhi kubhekwe metal uyakwazi amakhemikhali basabela nalo. Lokhu izinhlobo sekuxoxiwe ngenhla soda caustic noma sodium hydroxide.

Ukuze siqhube enjalo yokusabela uzodinga ukuthatha amabili amavukuzi sodium, engeza amanzi, futhi, isamba nezimvukuzane ezimbili, futhi ngenxa yalokho sithola ezimbili amavukuzi ka hydroxide imvukuzane hydrogen okuyinto ahlukanisa njengomuntu igesi nge iphunga okunoshukela ngayinye.

Sodium kanye umphumela wawo eziphilayo

Njengoba sesifunde metal asebenzayo kusuka iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, thina uqhubekele lokho sodium efanayo izici begazi. Ungomunye ebaluleke kakhulu izakhi mkhondo. Okokuqala, yena ingenye yezingxenye cell isilwane. Lapha, ke wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile: potassium igcina ulwelwesi ezingaba, ehilelekile ukwakheka kanye Lokusakaza ngiyibona ezinzwa phakathi amaseli liyisici esidingekayo ukuze osmotic chemical izinqubo (okuyinto kudingeka, isibonelo, ukusebenza izinso amaseli). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium unesibopho ibhalansi amanzi-usawoti kwamaseli. Futhi, ngaphandle kwalesi sakhi kumakhemikhali kungase kungabi ezokuthutha kwegazi glucose, ngakho kunesidingo ukuze kusebenze zobuchopho. Kodwa, lo metal ehilelekile inqubo ukusikwa imisipha.

Lokhu amaminerali trace kuyadingeka hhayi kuphela izilwane - sodium ezikulesi simila umzimba futhi wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile: it uhlanganyela inqubo ye-photosynthesis, ekusizeni ukuthutha carbohydrate, kanye ezidingekayo for ukudlula izinto eziningi eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi.

sodium okweqile kanye nokuntuleka

Ngu okuqukethwe lelitfutfukile elinikeziwe chemical isici emzimbeni kungabangela Ukudla usawoti kakhulu isikhathi eside. Izimpawu zingase zibe ngokweqile sodium imfiva, ukuvuvukala, ukucasuka, kahle izinso umsebenzi. Esimeni izimpawu ezinjalo kumelwe asuswe ekudleni ithebula isilinganiso sikasawoti kanye nokudla ukuthi eziningi zensimbi (uhlu uyoboniswa ngezansi), bese nifuna iseluleko nodokotela ngokushesha. I encishisiwe sodium okuqukethwe emzimbeni kuholela ekutheni izimpawu ezingemnandi neziyaluyalu kwezitho. Leach chemical asebenzayo isici can ukuphatha njalo isisu noma lapho esetshenziswa isiphuzo kuphela nahlanza (distilled) amanzi ukujuluka nokuphela kwamanzi emzimbeni. Izimpawu yokuntula sodium kuthiwa oma, isikhumba esomile kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, imnyama, ukwazi kahle futhi ukucobeka, tachycardia, ukumisa okuphelele nokusebenza kwezinso.

Imikhiqizo lapho eziningi sodium

Ukuze ugweme okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi kakhulu emzimbeni kubhekwe element kwamakhemikhali, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukudla kakhulu. Okokuqala, lokhu kusawoti okukhulunywe ngaso ngenhla. Ubunjwe amaphesenti amane sodium. Kungaba usawoti olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, metal eziqukethwe kabhontshisi kanye soy sauce. A semali sodium ebonwe kwasolwandle. Lokhu izimila zasolwandle, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, izimfanzi, ingwane, crab inyama, amaqanda, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza. Okuqukethwe sodium kuzo ngenxa yokuthi la magciwane atholakala konemimoya usawoti kanye emakamu eliphezulu nosawoti ngezinto ezihlukahlukene lebalulekile ukusebenza evamile umzimba.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi zensimbi ezinye compounds yayo

Ukusetshenziswa sodium embonini kuyinto ezahlukene kakhulu. Okokuqala, ketshezi obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali. Lapha kubalulekile ukukhiqiza izinto ezifana hydroxide we metal, one-fluoride yayo, sulfate nemikhiqizo kamanyolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni - I-inyumbazana ngenxa izinsimbi okumsulwa kusukela nosawoti yabo. Kukhona i-sodium ekhethekile lobuchwepheshe ukusetshenziswa izicelo ezinjalo. Amandla ayo awashintsheki e GOST 3273-75. Mayelana nomkhosi wokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezibalwe ngenhla eqinile ekunciphiseni sodium ke kabanzi lisetshenziswe yokusansimbi.

Futhi, lesi sici chemical uthola isebenza famatsevticheskoy umkhakha lapho avame ezidingekayo ukuze bathole bromide salo, esiwulwazi esiyinhloko sedatives eziningi kanye nemithi yokunciphisa ukucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium ingasetshenziswa womshini izibani HID - lawa imithombo elikhanyayo ukukhanya yellow. ekhuthaza okunjalo chemical ezifana sodium chlorate (NaClO _3), ibulala izitshalo abasha, ngakho-ke asetshenziselwa ukususwa zalo amathrekhi ujantshi ukuvimbela overgrowth yokugcina. Sodium cyanide is kabanzi embonini ungenisa igolide. Ngalo, metal is etholakala emadwaleni.

Njengoba i-sodium okulungiselelwe

Indlela evame kakhulu ukusabela carbonate lensimbi carbon. Ukuze lokhu kuyadingeka ukufudumeza lezi zinto ezimbili lokushisa angaba inkulungwane degrees Celsius. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kuveza compounds ezimbili chemical ezifana sodium ne gas chadny. Ekusabeleni elilodwa imvukuzane of sodium carbonate amabili amavukuzi carbon ukuthola ezimbili amavukuzi we metal oyifunayo futhi amavukuzi ezintathu we-carbon monoxide. Ukulandela yokusabela ezothando singatlolwa bunjesi elandelayo: NaCO ₃ + 2C = 2Na + 3Ngako. Ngokufanayo, esebenzayo chemical isici ayathola kusuka nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

ukusabela qualitative

Ukuba khona sodium +, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye cations noma anions kungaba azimisele esebenzisa ekhethekile amakhemikhali manipulations. Ukusabela qualitative kuya ion sodium kuyalivuthela - uma khona ilangabi yayo ezinemibala ziphuzi.

Lapho ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokubika element kwamakhemikhali nemvelo

Okokuqala, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, ke ingenye yezingxenye kokubili izilwane nezitshalo amaseli. Futhi lokuhlala yaso ephezulu emanzini asolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium likhona Ukwakheka amaminerali ezithile. Lokhu, isibonelo, sylvinite, ifomula - NaCl • KCl, kanye carnallite, ogama ifomula KCl • MgCl ₂ • 6H ₂ O. Eyokuqala yalezi ine isakhiwo inhomogeneous nge kushintshana izingxenye emibala, orange kungavuka umbala walo, pink, blue , obomvu. Lokhu amaminerali kuyinto encibilikayo ngokuphelele emanzini. Carnallite, kuncike esikhundleni kumiswa ukungcola futhi kungenzeka abe Umbala ezahlukene. Kungaba obomvu, ophuzi, white, ukukhanya okwesibhakabhaka futhi esobala. Anakho ayebuthaka dim, imisebe yokukhanya kuthiwa refracted kuwo kakhulu. Lezi amaminerali ezimbili ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo izinto zokusetshenziswa ukwenziwa izinsimbi, okuyinto afakiwe Ukwakheka kwabo: sodium, potassium, magnesium.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinto eziyinsimbi, sibuyekeze kulesi sihloko, ingenye ezivame kakhulu emvelweni njengoba ingxenyenamba mass e ungqimba lomhlaba kuyinto ezimbili kanti amaphesenti angu-isigamu.