India ezikhangayo yezwe. India: Managing

Okumangazayo futhi emangalisayo India ... Ngezinye komkhathi yayo kwakunebandla elilodwa yezimpucuko endala umsuka Buddhism, ubuJainism Sikhism kanye Hinduism. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa mayelana isakhiwo saleli zwe. Ake sicabangele izimpendulo zemibuzo division of India kazwelonke-indawo, kanye ukutshela mayelana ezikhangayo esemqoka kanye nemikhosi.

I-Republic of India. uhlobo Uhulumeni

Sekuyisikhathi eside India elwela inkululeko yokuzimela, ngokuba koloni laseBrithani. Kule ndaba, umbuzo ngokuvamile kuphakama: "India - amakhosi ohlanga noma republic?". Won ekhulwini XVIII, izwe ithola uzibuse kuphela ngo-1947. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni bamukela inqubomgomo ye ukuthuthukiswa yeningi kanye nentuthuko asebenzayo yezwe lonke.

India - Republic, isimo federal, okuyinto kuchazwa umthethosisekelo njengelive lelitimele sezenhlalo wokuziphilisa republic yeningi. Ehola state umongameli. India - republic ePhalamende ne emakamelweni amabili, elimelela Rajya Sabha (endlini engenhla) kanye Yabantu Chamber (endlini ephansi).

Lithi nezindawo kukhona ukwahlukana kazwelonke-indawo weRiphabhulikhi India. Ngakho, ngo-state kukhona 29 lithi banezidingo iziphathimandla zabo esiphezulu kanye nangokushaywa kwemithetho. division kaZwelonke-indawo yeNdiya, kusho ukuba khona izindawo. Ubude emaphandleni 7 ukuthi empeleni bebe bekhuluma ezindaweni eziyisithupha futhi omunye Capital Territory of Delhi. Basuke kulawulwa uhulumeni ephakathi yeNdiya.

Population and ulimi India

I-Republic of India, ogama labantu ingenye nesithupha labantu emhlabeni, ingenye kakhulu izizwe namasiko. Kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu 1.30, futhi abacwaningi ukubikezela ukuthi maduzane zikufice China e izinombolo.

Hindi Siwulimi kanye ezivamile, iphinyiswa ngaphezu kuka-40% wesibalo sabantu. Ezinye izilimi adumile isiNgisi, isiPunjabi, Urdu, gundzharti, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada, nokunye .. Esikhathini uthi Indian babe izilimi zabo ezisemthethweni.

Iningi labantu abathi Hinduism (cishe 80%) endaweni yesibili ku-nokudlanga imele Islam ke inkolo yobuKristu, Sikhism nobuBuddha.

ENdiya, izinga labangasebenzi liphezulu. Lapho izakhamuzi bhiliyoni-obungavamile abantu kwezomnotho% 500 kwezigidi ezingu Cishe 70 kuphela ezolimo namahlathi, futhi cishe ingxenye yabantu abahlala emadolobheni, umsebenzi emkhakheni wemisebenzi.

isimo Basendulo umphakathi

Protogosudarstva kwakheka India ngisho BC mina yeminyaka, ekugcineni aguqulayo ibe zokwakheka isimo eqiniseka kakhudlwana nge uhlelo monarchical kahulumeni. Nokho, kanye neNgonyama e imithombo ehlukahlukene wayevame ukukhuluma khona parallel weRiphabhulikhi India.

Republic of India lasendulo baye babizwe ngokuthi Kshatriya noma republic oligarchic. Bavame balwa monarchies kokubusa kwamandla. Amandla e-Republic yayingekho zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye nababusi akhethwe Yayintininiza, uma ukunganeliseki umsebenzi wabo.

Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kuma-republic kuye kwaba ukuhlukana yomphakathi ku castes, kusale isigxivizo obukhulu emlandweni isimo, India (e zisekhona lombhalo division aye wasigcina). Kuyilungelo eliwedlula wonke emphakathini babe abamele oligarchy, owasizalela isihloko "Raja". It kwadingeka adlule isiko engcwele ekhethekile kuyadingeka ukuthola isihloko.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, lombhalo eliphakeme Brahmins ekuqaleni kubhekwa - abefundisi. Ngo monarchies, kwakusalandelwa isiko waphikelela. Kshatriyas efanayo - kungcono amasosha, abaqaphi babengayiboni, abantu bazo zonke izizinda ngokuvamile, amkhumula yesibili, uma kungekhona lwesithathu, ngemva nezicukuthwane. Esikhathini yasendulo Indian Kshatriyas republic enalesi Brahmins ukubusa kwabo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ophoqelelwe ukuba bazithobe Brahmins.

lombhalo Indian

umphakathi Indian Contemporary namanje ukuhlonipha isiko lasendulo. Nokunqoba endulo division yezenhlalakahle usebenza namuhla. Izakhamuzi India angaphansi kwemithetho ngokungenasizathu ukuthi kuyabekwa ngokuhlukile lombhalo ngamunye, manje abizwa ngokuthi Varna.

ENdiya, kukhona castes amane ayinhloko. Izinga eliphakeme, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya monarchies lasendulo, thatha Brahmans. Ngaphambili they babengabapristi, futhi manje ukufundisa emabandleni, izibophezele nentuthuko engokomoya zifundise labantu. Abakwazi bahlanganyele emshikashikeni baye ukudla kube sekulungile, somunye abantu lombhalo.

Kshatriyas Uyi isinyathelo esingezansi. Babevame abanezikhundla zokuphatha noma ukuzihlanganisa ezindabeni zezempi. Abesifazane lokhu lombhalo asivunyelwe ukushada umuntu ngezansi isikhundla. Abesilisa, lo mthetho awusebenzi.

Vaishya eside abalimi kanye abahwebi. Esikhathini emphakathini wanamuhla Indian, nazo sezishintshile umsebenzi. Manje Vaishya kungase banezikhundla ezihlobene finance.

Umsebenzi ezingcolile kakhulu njalo wahlala Sudras. Njengomthetho, kwaba abalimi nezigqila. Manje kukhona ingxenye empofu kakhulu yenhloko-labantu abahlala emijondolo.

Enye lombhalo ngokuthi "abakhishwa inyumbazane", ehlanganisa zonke elinamandla. Bona, ezingeni nomphakathi, kungaphasi ngisho nangaphezu Sudras. Abakhishwa inyumbazane, kakade ngaphakathi lombhalo, zihlukaniswe amaqembu ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona iqembu elifaka phakathi ongqingili, bisexuals, hermaphrodites. Abantu abanjalo ngokuvamile jabulisa abantu bezinye castes e imikhosi ehlukahlukene.

Lodwa ntu ezakho iyiphi lombhalo futhi kubhekwe ngempela inyumbazane - Pariah - kwalabo abazalwa lwabantu kusuka castes ezahlukene. Abavumelekile ukuvela izitolo, on izithuthi zomphakathi.

I-Republic of India ezikhangayo

Indawo edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa ngokungangabazeki Taj Mahal - zemabula Mausoleum, okuyinto, ngokusho legend, umbusi Indian eyakhelwe kumemori komkayo othandekayo. Dome White, amaphethini yibe yinto exakayo, izindonga zihlotshiswe ngamatshe ayigugu kanye imidwebo, ipaki nge amazing igalari ikholomu.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona konke okungahlala ukuziqhayisa Republic of India. Izinto ezikhanga abantu zihlanganisa kokubili izakhiwo wezwe ahlukahlukene yezakhiwo kanye nobuhle bemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Dudhsagar Waterfall, okuyinto kubhekwa kwekulu India. Itholakala elaliphansi kwamagquma Western Ghats futhi lizungezwe namathafa esiyingqayizivele.

emadolobheni Indian futhi anikele okuningi isithakazelo. Ngo Delhi kukhona izinqaba Red Fort, elakhiwa ngo-zinendlela wabeka isisekelo Mughal izakhiwo.

E Mumbai, ungakwazi enyuka emadokodweni Bollywood - endaweni eyinhloko Indian ifilimu umkhakha. Streets "idolobha pink" ka Jaipur ungahamba. Lapha kunesigodlo soMbusi Maharaja futhi Fort Amber.

Edolobheni Calcutta, ngaphandle abadumile Kali ithempeli zoo ngobukhulu e-India ne-Indian Museum.

iminonjana Endulo

izindawo eziningi ezazakhiwe eside ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-Republic yesimanje yeNdiya. Stupa emhlabeni wokuqala itholakala Madhya Pradesh. Sanchi Stupa eyakhelwe emuva BC III ekhulwini, omunye stupas yayakhiwa isithombe sakhe. A Stupa kuyinto lesikhumbuzo okuqala izakhiwo Buddhist, yonke imininingwane ongokomfanekiso yayo. Isisekelo umhlaba kanye nabantu Nenkabazwe - onkulunkulu.

Phakathi ezikhangayo kukhona lasendulo emhumeni amathempeli e Maharashtra. Baqopha osekungamakhulu eminyaka izindela ezingamaBuddha zenza kusukela BC II leminyaka. Ngo Ellora imayelana 30 emigedeni itshe.

Hampi ethempelini esizeni emzini Vijayanagara lasendulo, kukhulunywa ngalo ku "Ramayana" - nendumezulu Indian lasendulo. Le ndawo uvame ukubizwa ukuba bawushiye lowo muzi. Ithempeli ne okwamanje usebenza. It ikhona phakathi amagquma aphakeme, ehlanganisa ezinkulu omkhulu. Ngokusho yetinsita amatshe lapha sketched unkulunkulu Hanuman inkawu.

Old edolobheni Gokarna kuyinto emgwaqweni eyodwa kuphela lapho cishe bonke izindlu ezakhiwe ngokhuni. AmaHindu akholelwa ukuthi kuleli dolobha le Shiva unkulunkulu ovukile izibilini emhlabeni ngezinhlobo zingaxoshwa, ngakho-ke engcwele.

Umphakathi ngobukhulu Buddhist ungaphakathi okubizwa ngokuthi Little Tibet. Kukhona amathempeli amathathu Buddhist zezindela ezimbili. Yisiphi isihambi itholakala, ukuze ukwazi ukubona isevisi emehlweni abo. The Little Tibet kuyinto Tibetan emakethe futhi penny yezandla, lapho ungakwazi ukujoyina ukukhiqizwa amatshe.

Amathempeli emathuneni

Omunye ezihehayo iningi India emathuneni namathempeli. Ethuneni Humayun akuyona ehlotshiswe amatshe ayigugu, ngokungafani kuya ngenhla Mausoleum okuthiwa, kodwa i-prototype. It iseningizimu Delhi futhi uyisibonelo Mogul izakhiwo.

Shrine Itemad-ud-Daula nobuhle yesiteleka. Kuyinto isakhiwo quadrangular, esemgwaqweni esisekelweni encane. Ngamunye minaret ekhoneni Hlobisa ukuba 13 amamitha eliphezulu. On the izindonga ezenziwe ngemabula ngosizo amatshe lulwimi eziyigugu zibekwe izithombe ezahlukene.

Ithempeli Harmandir Sahib futhi ngeke zinganakwa. Yakhiwa, emuva lé ekhulwini XVI futhi manje indawo yokukhulekela amaSikh. Indlela eya endaweni maphakathi ichibi lokwenziwa iphi Temple Golden kuholela ngqo. Uzungeze echibini izakhiwo idazini, ukwakha kanye yesonto hhayi elikhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo.

Virupaksha ithempeli South India sihlehlela kusukela mayelana VII leminyaka. Akayena isakhiwo esisodwa, futhi ithempeli eziyinkimbinkimbi esikhulu. Umbhoshongo has a ithempeli main amazinga 9 futhi evuka ukuba amamitha 50. Eduze uzothola engcwele inkundla elinamakholomu. Kule ndawo njalo edonsela-pilgrim kanye nabahamba ukwazi. ezithakazelisayo Ikakhulukazi lapha phakathi nemikhosi ehlukahlukene, ezifana umshado umkhosi Virupaksha futhi Pampa.

imijondolo ezisemadolobheni

Ngemva kokuvakashela Taj Mahal nakanjani kungenzeki ukumangalela ukuthi wayekade e-India, kungcono zonke uhlangothi nje empilweni kuleli zwe. Olunye uhlangothi kufihliwe emijondolo yasemadolobheni amakhulu yeNdiya. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke eyenzelwe impilo babantu abampofu futhi ezikhathalela wahlala lapha abayizigidi.

Dharavi emijondolo e Mumbai, yake wacabangela esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kukhona izibhedlela, izikole kanye izakhiwo zokuhlala abafika kwabangu-10 square metres. m., iyikhaya ngezinye izikhathi baze babe abantu 20. Abahlali labaphuyile bahlala ematendeni. AmaNdiya akuzona kakhulu nokuhlanzeka - udoti ziphonswe emgwaqweni, eduze nendawo yokuhlala. Nokho, abanye bazama zinakekele ngokugeza njalo ukuhlanzwa ngisho emakhaya.

umbono jikelele imijondolo namanje simele metal multi-storey izindlu, ipulangwe, ngendwangu indwangu ukulengiswa ngomzamo ukwakha usesimweni yokukhosela, imfucumfucu. Yonke imisebenzi, kusukela ukupheka ukuze egeza wenziwa a emijondolo emgwaqeni. Izindlu zenzelwe ukulala. Imfucuza is batheleka emhosheni wahlomisa ngokukhethekile ngamanzi.

Abathandi ukuphumula okungavamile izindawo ezinjalo kuba ngempela olunothile futhi ezimibalabala. Nokho, muva nje, ezindaweni emijondolo ngenkuthalo kuyakhiwa, futhi ngokushesha kuzonyamalala kule gqamisa yeNdiya.

Amaholide kanye nemikhosi

Mayelana izwe zamazwe ngamazwe, lapho abaningi amaholide enkolo, ngaphandle kwabo kukhona kubaluleke amaholide kazwelonke: Republic Day, Independence Day kanye lokuzalwa Gandhi. Suku-Republic of India (bheka ngezansi isithombe) yakuphawula ukwamukelwa ka 26 Januwari 1950 soMthethosisekelo, okhombisa wenkululeko yokugcina ezazivela eBrithani.

Njalo ngonyaka e-India ezigubha leli holidi, anikezelwe uMfula iGanges uvele ushe - Ganga Mahotsava. Ngo-November, emzini Varanasi lingcangcazekile, loMfula ongcwele emfuleni Abantu abawakhi bageze kuwo. Endaweni ukucula Folk songs nokudansa. Lo mcimbi oyinhloko uwukwenza kwethulwa umfula izibani akhazimula. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kudingeka senze isifiso, futhi sengathi isibani uyozishisa isikhathi eside ke qiniseka ukwenza onkulunkulu ezifihliwe.

Diwali - kungenye iholide weRiphabhulikhi India. Umuzi ngalesi sikhathi egcwele ukukhanya, okuyinto, ngokwemfundiso yesiko, kumelwe anqobe inhlanhla okubi nokubi. Yonke indawo ovuthayo izibani, nemiklamo, amakhandlela, amaculo kanye elikulesi sihloko mkhosi ezinomsindo.

Lokhu Spring Festival - Holi - kugujwa ekuqaleni Mashi futhi luthatha izinsuku ezinhlanu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ashise i khona isithombe sakhe obala Kholiki, futhi ngosuku lwesibili uthele kwamanye ngamunye powder anemibala ehlukahlukene kanye nezinongo, uthele amanzi ezidayiwe, abafisa injabulo.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

• Noma yimuphi manipulation kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle lwemali yasendaweni kungavunyelwa ngokomthetho.
• Nge zonke inani elikhulu labantu, India lifaka wokuqala emhlabeni kunombolo izisu.
• Leli zwe kuyinto ngukhokho chess, algebra futhi geometry. Igama elithi "chess" ngaphambili linjengezwi "chaturanga" futhi elihunyushwe njengoba amasosha amane isikhundla.
• Inombolo emaposini lapha ngaphezu ikuphi emhlabeni. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba abahlala emijondolo azinalo amakheli.
• Uvele ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 3 edlule, Ayur Veda kubhekwa ngowokuqala emlandweni esikoleni yezokwelapha lwesintu.
• Navigation uvele India iminyaka engaphezu kuka-6000 edlule.
• ENdiya, "ukuhlangabezana izingubo," bathatha kakhulu. Njengoba elikushoyo ngale stratum kwezenhlalo ukuba umuntu ahlala kulo. Okubalulekile Indwangu isitayela ngisho umbala. abesifazane Hairstyle nalo libalulekile.
• Leli zwe mayelana 1,500 ezilimini ngezilimi ezahlukene.
• Kuze kube mayelana 1960 eNdiya bavunyelwa ukusebenzisa insangu.
• Uma Indian izindwangu engasindi ngilinqobile baseRoma. Baze kuqhathaniswa ngomoya. Kwakuwusuku izindwangu lokuqala ukotini emhlabeni.
• Freddie Mercury babevela Indian.
• Ngaphambi uhambise eBrithani futhi babe ikoloni layo, India has kwelinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Yingakho amatilosi ngaphupha ngokuthola imizila yakhe ulwandle.
• Uma Indian unikina ngaphandle ikhanda lakhe, sengathi kokusola wena, ungakhathazeki, ngoba isenzo zokuvunywa.
• zokudla abaningi Indian noma amathilomu unemenyu, izivakashi ngokuvamile owabathenga izitsha eside ajwayelekile.
• Uma zingekho yini izindawo e isitimela, abantu ukukhuphuka kwi emashalofini zenzelwe umthwalo.
• uthi Abaningi baye bathatha phansi, hhayi ngenxa yobumpofu, isiko nje.
• Kumbh Mela - kuyiholide zenkolo ukuthi lugujwa India kanye kuphela iminyaka engu-12.
• Kwakulibiza igama nomyeni wakhe e-umphakathi kubhekwa akamuhle ehloniphekayo, ngakho sebenzisa amafomu ahlukahlukene ongaqondile "ukubona", "ubone", njalo njalo. D.

isiphetho

India - republic federal ihlukaniswe uthi nezindawo. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo nezwe engaqondakali. Zezivakashi emathempelini abacebe amathuna namathempeli emijondolo, labaphuyile bahlala emakhaya esikhashana ezenziwe plywood. Ukuthabela umlando onothileko uboniswa emathempelini kahle walondoloza anikezelwe izinkolo ezahlukene. Izinkulungwane zezihambeli eze lapha ukuze ubone izindawo lasendulo, abahambi enethemba uthinte esidlule. Njalo ngonyaka kuba futhi amaholide ephapheme futhi acacile kanye nemikhosi, egcwele izibani, emidansweni folk Yiqiniso, osekelwa izindaba eziqanjiwe nezinganekwane.