Inani futhi isimiso yokusebenza analyzers nezinzwa

Zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni kudingeka ulwazi mayelana imvelo umkhakha lapho izinto eziphilayo ukuphila, futhi indoda iyathinteka. Kungenzeka ukuthola ulwazi mayelana imvelo ukunikeza ebucayi (inzwa) uhlelo. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi, sezinzwa bezibona yokwamukela iqala amandla umfutho kanye nenguquko yayo nezinzwa amaza, futhi udlulise la amaza ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho wesifunda kwemizwa, oguqula amaza emsipheni emizweni ethize, ezifana sokuzwa, olfactory, ezibukwayo, ethintekayo, futhi abanye.

Uyini analyzers futhi izinzwa womuntu? On lokhu kamuva.

ku analyzers

Phakathi nesifundo we physiology izinhlelo sezinzwa Academician Pavlov , IP He qamba umsebenzi we analyzers. analyzer ngamunye izigaba zezizwe ezintathu: central, neuropathy umqhubi.

Ingxenye neuropathy ka-receptor amelela - eziyimpumelelo ezinzwa ukuthi ebucayi kuphela ezintweni ezithile zezinhlanzi zikhethe. Ahlanganisiwe izinzwa, elihambisana yabo.

Analyzers eziyishumi nemitshingo sezinzwa: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo

I analyzer has a isakhiwo ejwayelekile. Siqukethe uMnyango yokwamukela, le conductive ingxenye futhi ehhovisi central. Yokwamukela noma ingxenye neuropathy we analyzer kungenziwa emelelwa njengendlela yokwamukela. Uyabubona futhi yenza ukucutshungulwa eyinhloko ulwazi oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, igagasi umsindo ukutholwa the indlebe zinyakaze ukukhanya - iso ingcindezi - isikhumba receptor.

Ngo izitho eyinkimbinkimbi umqondo (ukunambitheka, ukubona, ukuzwa), ngaphezu receptor, khona izakhiwo asizayo bezibona ezinhle umfutho kanye namasistimu okusebenza ukuzala, zokuzivikela kanye neminye imisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhiwo nozime analyzer ezibukwayo presents amehlo, kuyilapho ama-receptor ezibukwayo - amaseli ebucayi kuphela (izinduku kanye Izigaxa). Receptor kungaba Ingaphandle ngezikhundla zazo wahlela kwi ukucasuka surface body futhi abone imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi abathola ukucasuka imvelo yangaphakathi eziyishumi nemitshingo.

kanjani analyzers nezinzwa?

Division umqhubi analyzer kuboniswe izinzwa ukuthi ukuqhuba ezinzwa amaza e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kusukela yokwamukela (sokuzwa, olfactory, emsipheni optic, njll).

Central analyzer Front limelela ingxenye ethile we- cortex cerebral, lapho zamagama kanye nokuhlaziywa kolwazi olunikezwe ngumfakisicelo inzwa futhi iguqulwe ibe emizweni ethize (olfactory, ezibukwayo, njll).

A imfuneko ukuhlinzwa evamile ye analyzer kungenziwa ngokuthi ubuqotho womathathu nezigaba zawo. kanjani ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese analyzers? Okuningi ngalolo ngezansi.

Umsebenzi analyzer ezibukwayo

Yokwamukela ingxenye lezi zakhiwo bamele iso. Ukusabela Chemical lapha ukwakha ishayela kagesi okuyinto sidlula emsipheni optic, futhi afakwa ku occipital Lobe cortex.

Umsebenzi analyzer sokuzwa. Yokwamukela indlebe lapha. Ingxenye elingaphandle ke uya uzwakale, isilinganiso kwelilandelayo. Isignali ezinwabuzelayo emsipheni sokuzwa ebuchosheni, iyizingxenye yakhe yesikhashana.

Umsebenzi we analyzer olfactory. I epithelium olfactory ihlanganisa ulwelwesi engaphakathi ekhaleni. Baqonda amangqamuzana iphunga, lenzani ukudala emsipheni amaza.

Umsebenzi ukunambitheka analyzers. ukunambitheka kwabo efihlekile - ebucayi chemical ezenza umuntu ezwe chemical.

Kukhona ethintekayo, izinga lokushisa, ubuhlungu analyzers - futhi aqukethe receptor phezu kwesikhumba. Ake sihlole kabanzi welithi "izinzwa" futhi "analyzers".

uhlaka umbono

Inani elikhulu ulwazi mayelana nezwe sangaphandle elidluliselwa kumuntu ngokusebenzisa isitho obonayo, okungukuthi, amehlo, esakhiwa waphansi elisizayo yeso. Eyeball ise phambi ingxenye ugebhezi e ekhosombeni-orbit, ukuvikela nezinkophe yayo engenhla nengezansi ekulimaleni mechanical, kanye eyelashes kanye emisebenzi frontal, ekhaleni namathambo Malar cranial.

Analyzers futhi izinzwa womuntu esiyingqayizivele.

Ekhoneni kwezisekelo Ilihlo verhnenaruzhnogo nezindlala lacrimal ukuthi secrete uketshezi lacrimal, izinyembezi, kusiza ukunyakaza Isivalo, ogelezayo nokumanzisa kobuso inhlamvu yeso. Ekhoneni kwangaphakathi uya izinyembezi ngokweqile, ke iwela Amapayipi izinyembezi bese ku ngalo ingaphakathi acinene ka nasolacrimal imbobo. Eziyisithupha imisipha extraocular ukuxhuma inhlamvu yeso bone udonga emzileni futhi sivumela ukunyakaza phezulu, phansi, emaceleni.

Three odongeni igobolondo ukwakha inhlamvu yeso: fibrous (yangaphandle), imithambo yegazi (isilinganiso) kanye retina noma reticulated (yangaphakathi). Udonga lwangaphandle Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingemuva ingxenye yakha sclera (Tunica isikhumba aminyene), sidlule phakathi phambi ulwelwesi okusobala ukuthi permeable, baphendukele ekukhanyeni, - cornea. Umnyombo sclera ivikela iso futhi kugcina ezakheke ngayo. Eye uqinisa imithambo yegazi, okuyinto abacebile choroid. Iris, okungukuthi, phambi kwayo, esikhunjeni, futhi lokhu inquma umbala lesi sakhi, okuyinto ubeke iso. Ngakho wahlela analyzers eziyishumi nemitshingo sezinzwa.

Ngaphambili ekamelweni iso

Ikamelo anterior - isikhala phakathi iris futhi cornea, vyazkovatoy egcwele uketshezi. Ngemuva iris kuyinto lens biconvex-10 mm ububanzi - lens nokunwebeka futhi esobala. It unamathele imisipha ciliary, okuyinto Itholakala choroid. Uma isimo esishubile nemisipha kuyehla, okusho ukuthi, imisipha ciliary ephumula, lens kuba ayizindunduma ngaphezulu ngenxa nokuqina kwalo futhi kuyaqina, futhi aba amaSheshi, lens kuba mkhulu phakathi okhulisa tensioning nemisipha.

Ikamelo labaqaphi elingemuva esweni ligcwele liquid etholakala phakathi lens kanye iris. Ukuze i-lens ngalo ingaphakathi inhlamvu yeso ligcwele mass esobala gelatinous, okubizwa ngokuthi umzimba Vitreous, okuhloswe ngalo silondoloze ukuma yeso, ukuze ulinike eguquguqukayo kanye, ngaphezu, lixhumane ne sclera futhi-retina choroid. Lona Isimiso esiyisisekelo ukusebenza kwezitho umqondo futhi analyzers.

I-retina

Retin-A, noma igobolondo net-like kwangaphakathi iyona eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu isakhiwo. It imigqa odongeni inhlamvu yeso kusuka ngaphakathi. Its eziyimisebenzi eziyimpumelelo emsipheni we emsipheni optic, yokwamukela (photosensitive) amaseli (izinduku kanye Izigaxa) namaseli esikhunjeni ukuthi zitholakala olwelwesini retina. Black ibala sombala ungqimba ibhekwa ngembobo ye umfundi. Nakhu ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese analyzers.

Eye cabanga apharathasi optical. Its ukukhanya-refracting uhlelo lolucuketse: umzimba Vitreous, i-lens, the aqueous ketshezi ezingemuva namagumbi phambi cornea. Ngalinye timphawu optical kohlelo sidlula a imisebe yokukhanya kuthiwa refracted yawela retina nokwakha isithombe okuhlanekezelwe futhi yehlise lezinto esibonakala ngamehlo.

Yini analyzers axhunyaniswa izinzwa, manje kuyacaca.

Lo mshini photoreception

I-retina iqukethe izinduku yizigidi ezingu-130 kanye abayizigidi ezingu-7 Izigaxa. Lo mbala Izigaxa iodopsin likhona okuvumela ukubona imibala emini. Lemisebenti ingaphindze ihlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo, kokuba ukuzwela Spectral ukuze imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu kanye green.

I izinduku kanye Izigaxa (receptor photosensitive) lapho zihlatshwa imisebe yokukhanya kokuba ukusabela eziyinkimbinkimbi photochemical ukuthi ahambisana cleavage ka zombala ebonwayo kwakwakhe. Lokhu kunengxenye ekwenzeni ukuphendula photochemical ka excitation, adluliswa ku emsipheni optic efomini ishayela e diencephalon ubuchopho obuphakathi (izikhungo subcortical), futhi okunye Lobe occipital we- cortex cerebral futhi elungisiwe ukuzwa ezibukwayo. Ebumnyameni abuyiselwe onsomi ezibukwayo.

Uyini umehluko phakathi analyzer futhi isitho umqondo? Okuningi ngalolo ngezansi.

Authority of Health

Kunomthelela ekulondolozweni:

• umthombo wokukhanya kuyinto ngakwesokunxele;
• emsebenzini kufanele ovuthayo kahle;
• kusukela iso ukubukeza ibanga kuncike kufanele ibe mayelana 30-35 ngamasentimitha.

Iphinde kuholela ziwohloke zokufunda ezokuthutha (ngoba ibanga kushintsha njalo phakathi lens futhi incwadi kuholela buthaka kuyaqina ciliary muscle lens), noma ulele. Kufanele ukuvikela amehlo ngokumelene ingress ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu, uthuli kanye nezinye izinhlayiya. Azikho ezingabalulekile kangako izinzwa kanye analyzers. Biology test bazokwazi ukudlula ngamunye.

uhlaka ukuzwa

Ukuze isitho ukuzwa kukhona indlebe Ngokwesilinganiso, elingaphandle ingxenye futhi endlebeni.

I indlebe zangaphandle ihlanganisa auricle kanye yangaphandle canal sokuzwa, kontwentwesi langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Ubujamo pinna sifana uphondo sakhiwa izicubu lunemicu embozwe isikhumba bese uqwanga. Ubude yangaphandle canal sokuzwa -. 2-5 cm nezindlala Specific isiteshi labelwe sulfuric ketshezi viscous ekuvimbela nezilwanyana ezincane nothuli. I nokunwebeka futhi mncane ukuba 0.1 mm eardrum ikhuthaza ukudluliswa phakathi maphakathi nendlebe umsindo kunyakaza.

Maphakathi nendlebe itholakala ngemuva eardrum e ithambo yesikhashana Yekhanda. Wakhe ingaphakathi tympanic has a umthamo cishe 1 cm ³ futhi iqukethe ossicles ezintathu: stapes, incus futhi malleus. Ngemva Eustachian (sokuzwa) tube ixhunywe nasopharynx tympanum. Ukucindezelwa zombili izinhlangothi eardrum edlelana ngokusebenzisa tube sokuzwa, futhi igcina ubuqotho.

usayizi encane kakhulu ossicles sokuzwa ifomu uchungechunge ezithathekayo nomunye. Malleus (emgodini angaphandle) ixhunywe ulwelwesi tympanic, futhi inhloko yalo nesikhandelo - usebenzisa ngokuhlanganyela. Anvil yena, unamathele stapes, futhi - odongeni zengaphakathi lendlebe. Tintfo ossicles inzuzo umsebenzi wenziwa izikhathi 20 kanye acoustic wave yokudlulisela kuya endlebeni elingaphakathi eardrum.

Udonga engaphakathi tympanum, ohlukanisa isilinganiso zengaphakathi lendlebe has amawindi ezimbili (ukuvuleka) - okusaqanda nxazonke, ulwelwesi Friend lapho ulwelwesi. Ulwelwesi foramen ovale oba stapes.

Abaningi banesithakazelo ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese analyzers. Test emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, isibonelo, iqukethe imibuzo kulesi sihloko.

Zengaphakathi lendlebe itholakala ithambo yesikhashana, kuba uhlelo iziteshi futhi izimbobo emazinyweni, ebizwa ngokuthi i-uxhaxha. Bebonke bakha uxhaxha bony, futhi uxhaxha membranous itholakala ngaphakathi kwalo. Phakathi uxhaxha membranous bone isikhala ligcwele ketshezi, ebizwa ngokuthi perilymph.

uxhaxha Membranous ngaphakathi ligcwele uketshezi, ngokuthi endolymph. neminyango emithathu abelwe ezingaphakathi endlebeni: i-cochlea, imiselekazi ongaphambili omise egumeni. Ngokuzwa isitho akunakubangelwa cochlea kuphela - amathambo isiteshi spirally ezisontekile 2.5 ematfuba. I ingaphakathi wesiteshi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu ulwelwesi ezimbili.

Omunye ulwelwesi, ulwelwesi main yakhiwa ezicutshini, ehlanganisa cishe 24 izinkulungwane imicu amancane anobude obungalingani futhi wahlela transversely ukuze inkambo cochlea. Le micu omude kunayo yonke kukhona ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwe-cochlea, futhi emfushane - at isisekelo sayo. Le micu emi 5 zvukochuvstvitelnyh zengaphakathi nge ulwelwesi enamathela ezikhula endaweni enetshe kubo. Zizonke, lezi izakhi bakha uhlaka Corti, okungukuthi apharathasi yokwamukela ye analyzer sokuzwa.

Umehluko phakathi analyzer nogwali sezinzwa iyona analyzer uthola ulwazi kusuka isitho sezinzwa othola ke nezwe.

Mshini okuqonda umsindo

iminenke uketshezi isiteshi iyehla iyenyuka ukuthatha stapes, okuyinto usemahlombe okusaqanda iwindi ulwelwesi. Lokhu kuholela ekushintshashintsheni ulwelwesi eyinhloko resonance zesivikelo sesifuba. Kubandakanya komdumo wesitshengiselo ophezulu lophansi umsindo imbangela kunyakaza of fibrils short, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni kumila cochlea, kuyilapho iphimbo ongaphakeme kubangela iyehla iyenyuka kukhona phezulu fibrils eside. Izinwele amaseli ngesikhathi esifanayo uthinte ulwelwesi esehlanganise, kokushintsha isimo salo.

Izinwele amaseli, ebhekisela enamathela we ulwelwesi ushintsho ukuma. Lokhu kuholela excitation idluliselwa kuya mesencephalon ngesimo pulses of sokuzwa yezinzwa, futhi ngaphezulu kokuzwa zone we- cortex cerebral we Lobe yesikhashana, lapho excitation ingena lokujabulela sokuzwa. Endlebeni yomuntu babone umsindo imvamisa uhla 20-20000 Hz.

Ukuzwa Health Authority

Ukugcina amahemuhemu, kubalulekile ukuvimbela umonakalo mechanical kuya eardrum. Indlebe canal nezindlebe kumelwe igcinwe. Uma izindlebe zanqwabelana babutha sulphur, kubalulekile ukuxhumana onguchwepheshe. umsindo eqinile futhi iqine ibe nethonya elilimazayo isitho ekuzweni. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba aphathe imikhuhlane ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, njengoba kule ingaphakathi tympanic ngokusebenzisa tube eustachian akwazi ukungena amagciwane ibangele ukushisa. Sibukeze analyzers futhi abantu izinzwa.

nezinye analyzers

Kukhona futhi ethintekayo, gustatory futhi analyzers olfactory. Ngokuthi touch isikhumba wacasuka receptor eziningana. Nambithani receptor bakha neuropathy ahlukaniswe ukunambitheka analyzer (ulimi, mucosa ngomlomo). Izizinda ephakeme ebuchosheni. analyzer olfactory ithola imininingwane ezintweni receptor ise mucosa acinene. Inzwa yokuhogela kubantu bahlakulele kakhulu wavuma, ngokungafani nezilwane.

umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo apharathasi vestibular, ilawula isikhundla futhi ukuma komzimba emkhathini. Iminyaka nobulili kuthinte nekusebenta analyzers. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane nomuzwa athuthukile kangcono iphunga bezibona umbala shades. Abesilisa ezokunambitha zisebenze kangcono.

Inani kwezitho umqondo futhi analyzers

Lezi zitho ibaluleke kakhulu abantu. Ngaphandle kwawo, bekuyoba nzima ukuze usinde. Ubani ayiqondakali ithuthukiswe kabi noma isiphi isitho umqondo noma izici analyzer kuyagcinwa ekuthuthukiseni kanye nombono nezwe. Abanaso eMpumalanga ngokwabo emkhathini. Motor imisebenzi kahle.