Khansela Isigaba 6 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-USSR futhi imiphumela

Kunoma emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, zikhona izenzakalo bemvelo ongokomfanekiso. izindlela wabo ocasulayo ukuthi Rubicon sidlulile bese ubuyela ubudala engasakwazi. Yokwakha kabusha eSoviet Union kwakufanele nomthelela kuzo zonke izici zokuphila emphakathini, kodwa namanje azigcina ingcindezelo wezomthetho yinhlangano eyodwa, abantu abaningi abavamile kanye osombusazwe baye kubhekwe ngisho izinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu njengento yesikhashana. Khansela Isigaba 6 soMthetho-sisekelo Soviet waba Rubicon esasihlukanisa simiso esidala yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Russian entsha.

Ingqikithi isimo sezombusazwe eU.SSR ku 1977 uMthethosisekelo

Okubizwa ngokuthi uBrezhnev uMthethosisekelo, pompously yokutholwa kuseshini lesikhombisa Council Ephakeme ngo-Okthoba 1977, hhayi kuphela ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi izakhamuzi amalungelo eminingi yenkululeko, kodwa futhi yokugcizelela ekhona ngaleso sikhathi isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Njengoba in izinhlelo soMthethosisekelo, amandla ophakeme kungokwalabo bicameral Ephakeme Council, wakhethwa ngesikhathi Congress of amaphini. Ukuqamba naye waba isihloko sesithupha, okwakusho isinqumo Communist Party wayiqaphela indima bebutho zezombusazwe kuphela unelungelo lokusebenzisa amandla. Ezingeni eliphakeme kunawo zomthetho, senqatshwa kwamqondo ukuphikiswa ukukhetha okunye.

Lokuhlela Kabusha kanye nezinguquko kule ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe

Ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo laseSoviet hhayi abanye mkhuba nokuguqulwa. Ngenxa yalesi senzakalo kwaleli zwe namanye kuye kancane kancane wathutha, kusukela eza amandla entwasahlobo ka-1985 MS Gorbachev. Wamemezela ukuhlelwa kabusha yabo ngokuyinhloko ngazithola ncamashi emkhakheni wezepolitiki. inqubomgomo Glasnost kanye nokuhlumelelisa izisulu yokucindezelwa ukuxoxa ngezindaba eziningi mpikiswano zezombusazwe emakhasini amaphephandaba nomagazini - zonke lezi zinto sebezijwayele futhi usethe izakhamuzi ukuthi uhulumeni ilungele ushintsho sina. Omunye hlelwa kabusha umzamo ukwehlukana amandla Party kahulumeni, okwaholela ukubiza of entwasahlobo ka-1989, kusho iCongress lokuqala edume akhethwe amasekela Yabantu, ukhetho yakhiwa okokuqala ngemva kwesikhathi eside becindezelekile aphethwe njalo okunye.

Khansela Isigaba 6 soMthetho-sisekelo Soviet: owokuqala isinyathelo senziwa

Engqungqutheleni iye yaba nendima omkhulu zezepolitiki 1980 - ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, okwaholela ekuweni namandla amakhulu futhi ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa ezweni lethu kombuso wentando yabantu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwaba ngalesi Congress okokuqala wakhipha imfuneko kucace ukuthi kudinga ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo Soviet. Unyaka, uma kwenzeka, kwaba ngezindlela eziningi-mlando zezwe lethu usezofika ekupheleni elilandelayo esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu ezayo, imiphumela okuyinto zazingakapheli kamnandi. Ukuwa kancane kancane kwaze kwaba ngaphandle kwenkamba sezenhlalo eMpumalanga Yurophu eyayihambisana isifiso esifanayo eziningi republic (ikakhulukazi Baltic) ukuze secede kusukela Union. Kuyinto usesimweni esinjalo, akekho noyedwa kulaba baholi eliphikisayo we Interregional Iqembu Sakharov anxenxa uqede sihloko eziyihlazo lesithupha. Iningi akusekeliwe, kodwa itshe kwase kubekwe isisekelo.

I II iCongress of amaSoviet: umzabalazo ukuqedwa uyaqhubeka

Ngesikhathi Congress wesibili amaSoviet, kwethulwa okwenzeka eyishumi kukaDisemba 1989 yesibili, isimo sezombusazwe isibe olukhulu nakakhulu. Khansela Isigaba 6 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-USSR kwaba okumqoka phambi okuzobe kukhona kuwo. efanayo Iqembu Interregional anxenxa kubandakanye ukucabangela magazini kwi-ajenda, kodwa iningi ngoludala weCongress akusekeliwe. Khona-ke Sakharov ezisengozini imibhikisho mass, olokuqala okwenzeka ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-February 1990. A isixuku esikhulu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili yafuna ushintsho kumthethosisekelo. Ziba isimo abantu abasazi ukuthi amandla umthetho.

ukuvumelana Ukucinga

Lapho ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ekulondolozeni uhlelo iqembu elilodwa kuleli zwe liye lacaca, ubuholi party phezulu waqala ukufuna ofanele kakhulu ngokwabo kulesi simo. Ngesikhathi plenum ka iKomiti Central, owawusedolobheni mhlaka-5 Febhuwari, Gorbachev ezihlongozwayo ukusilela: isingeniso lesikhungo kamongameli ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo Soviet. Unyaka isiqala nje, kodwa kwaba sobala ukuthi wokuvimba uquqaba, eqhutshwa zonke izinhlangothi ngokuphelele osopolitiki nomqondo, ziba nzima. Iningi kubahlanganyeli plenum, ngokuvumelana izinkumbulo bokuzibonela, waba Nokho setha omubi kakhulu lezi ezintsha, ivoti ngokuvumelana bonke baphakamisa izandla. Monopoly LamaKhomanisi kwemusho isayinwe kuleli zwe.

okuphoqelela Ngokomthetho nemiphumela

Ukwemukelwa njengegunya eliphakeme ngesinqumo party waphupha kudlule ukwamukelwa zomthetho. okungavamile - - ICongress, okuyinto kwakufanele athathe kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo afanele constitution lena lwesithathu yabuthelwa ngoMashi 1990. Ayikho impikiswano sina ngalesi sikhathi yayingekho, futhi nane ngoMashi 1990, kwakunabamemezeli babe izenzakalo ezibalulekile: LamaKhomanisi saphela kube "amandla aqondisayo" emphakathini, futhi Gorbachev kwadingeka ithuba lokuba uMongameli wokuqala we izwe kancane kancane zidilika. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo Soviet aliholeli kuqiniswa isimo sezombangazwe, futhi eminye sijulise crisis. Izwe ilahlekelwe yasibamba zayo iyunithi, inqubo nokwahlukana isibe cishe engelapheki.

Namuhla, imithelela ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo Soviet zenani ehlukile. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi esinye izikhathi khiye inqubo nokwahlukana isizwe esinamandla, kuyilapho abanye, kunalokho, iphuzu yokuthi leli zwe like kubuya isimo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lapho kwakukhona uhlelo multi-party, kanye nokuthuthukiswa wabe ngendlela yeningi. Yini zombili e sivumelwano, ngakho-ke ukuthi nokugcinwa le ndima yomthetho eziyisisekelo alihambisani amaqiniso zezombusazwe ka 1990.

Eselahle le esinakho, iqembu elibusayo esanda ngokushesha salahlekelwa. Ngokushesha nje ngemva kwezenzakalo-August 1991, uzobe ivalwa, namaKhomanisi qala inqubo ebuhlungu ekufuneni ungubani yakhe yezombusazwe.